t(1;11)(p32;q23) KMT2A/EPS15

2010-09-01   Jean-Loup Huret  

1.Genetics, Dept Medical Information, University of Poitiers, CHU Poitiers Hospital, F-86021 Poitiers, France

Clinics and Pathology

Disease

Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL), biphenotypic acute leukaemia (BAL), acute myeloid leukaemia (AML), and myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS).

Note

36 cases are available to date (Kaneko et al.,1986; Gregoire et al., 1987; Selypes and Laszlo, 1987; Hagemeijer et al., 1987; Hayashi et al., 1989; Raimondi et al., 1989; Shippey et al., 1989; Pui et al., 1990; Lampert et al., 1991; Abshire et al., 1992; Bernard et al., 1994; Felix et al., 1995; Felix et al., 1998; Harrison et al., 1998; Laughlin et al., 1998; Pinto et al., 1998; Secker-Walker et al., 1998; Nakamura et al., 2000; von Bergh et al., 2000; Chessells et al., 2002; Kim et al., 2002; Tsujioka et al., 2003; Douet-Guilbert et al., 2005; Sagawa et al., 2006; Jeon and Yi, 2009; de Braekeleer et al., 2010; Shinohara et al., 2010); we have excluded from this review a case of t(1;6;11)(p32;q21;q23) in a T-cell lymphoma referred as "T-CLL", as it probably represents another entity (Mecucci et al., 1988). We must also keep in mind that some of the t(1;11)(p32;q23) above harvested may not all share the common genetic event 5 MLL - 3 EPS15: a case of t(1;11)(p32;q23), del(5q), +8 in a patient with therapy-related leukaemia has recently been described without MLL rearrangement (Yamamoto et al., 2010). There are also 3 paediatric cases (2 ALLs, 1 AML) of MLL/EPS15 translocation which were not included in this study, due to the lack of clinical data (Meyer et al., 2006).

Phenotype stem cell origin

About half cases were ALLs and half cases AMLs. There were 17 ALLs, (mainly CD19+, CD10-) 2 biphenotypic leukaemias, 15 AMLs (of which were three M4-AMLs and nine M5-AMLs), and two MDS. There were at least nine cases of secondary leukaemia (and also 3 cases of "relapse", but each time with a different karyotype; e.g. a M1-AML with the classical t(8;21)(q22;q22) relapsed 16 months later with a t(1;11) as the sole anomaly (Hayashi et al., 1989)). The delay before onset of the secondary leukaemia -including the so-called relapses- was very similar, from a case to another, with a median of 16-21 months (range 12-24 months), if we exclude a case with an interval of 46 years after nuclear bombing (Nakamura et al., 2000). The previous disease was a haematological malignancy in seven cases (MDS, AML, ALL, multiple myeloma, non Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL)), a soft tissue tumour in three cases (primitive neuroectodermal tumour (PNET), PEComa, osteogenic sarcoma), and a breast cancer. The second leukaemia was an ALL in 6 cases, and a myeloid leukaemia (MDS or AML) in 6 cases.

Epidemiology

There was 12 male and 23 female patients (non significant: epsilon = 1.86, 0.07 < p < 0.06). However, while there was 8 male and 10 female patients in myeloid cases, there was only 3 male patients and 13 female patients with ALL (chi2 = 6.25 p < 0.02). Patients median age was 4 years (range 0-76 years); thirteen cases (38%) were infant cases (at or under 1 year of age), seven cases (20%) were between 1 and 10 years, three cases between 10 and 16, and twelve cases (1/3) were adult cases. Median age was 7 years in myeloid cases versus 1 year in lymphoid cases (ranges were 0.2-76 years and 0-63 years respectively, but with 5 cases and 1 case above 60 years respectively). About half of female cases (11/23), but only 2 of 11 male cases were congenital leukaemias (diagnosis at or before one year of age), although the ranges were similar, with cases above the sixties in both genders this is not statistically significant (chi2 = 2.77, 0.05 < p < 0.10). Median age in female patients was 2-3 years vs 7 years for male patients, ranges were similar.

Clinics

A high white blood cound was noted in 9 of 11 documented cases.
Atlas Image

Prognosis

Median survival was 15 months (see figure), with a very few long survivors (a patient was still alive 140 months after diagnosis (Chessells et al., 2002)). Median survival for female patients was 28 months, vs 11 months in male patients; Survival was significantly different according to the sex of the patients (chi2 = 4,66, p < 0.05, log rang test at 16 months). Survival curves for ALL and AML cases cross each other, with a median survival at 28 months for ALL cases and only 14 months for AML cases, but with no statistical significance. There was no correlation between age of the patient and survival. All the same and more surprisingly, the few patients with a secondary leukaemia with data on survival (n=6) did not seem to behave more badly than de novo cases. Also, the presence or the absence of chromosomal anomalies additional to the t(1;11) did not seem to affect the prognosis.

Cytogenetics

Cytogenetics morphological

The t(1;11) was the sole anomaly in 19 of 33 documented cases (57%), equally distributed between ALL and AML cases. There was two complex (three way) translocations: a t(1;11;4)(p32;q23q13;p16) and a t(1;11;10)(p32;q23;q24) (Selypes and Laszlo, 1987; de Braekeleer et al., 2010).

Additional anomalies

A trisomy 8 was found in four cases, a trisomy 21 in two cases, a del(5q) or a monosomy 7 in one case each. Karyotypes were similar in ALL and myeloid cases, apart from that trisomy 8 was found as an accompanying anomaly in 3 myeloid and only one lymphoid cases, and that the cases with either del(5q) or -7 were found in myeloid cases. A complex karyotype was present in two myeloid cases.

Genes Involved and Proteins

Gene name
EPS15 (epidermal growth factor receptor pathway substrate 15)
Location
1p32.3
Protein description
A major transcript of 5225 bp produces a 896 amino acids protein from 25 exons; at least 5 other splice variants from 30 different exons. Contains from N-term to C-term: 3 EH (Eps15 Homology) domains (protein-protein interaction modules) with calcium-binding domains (EF hand domains), binding sites to adaptins, SH3 binding site, prolin-rich motifs, ubiquitin interacting motifs (UIM), and a nuclear export signal in C-term. There are also DPF repeats in the C-term third of the protein. Membrane receptor tyrosine kinase signaling inhibition is accomplished by ligand/receptor complexes internalization, subsequent trafficking to lysosomes and ubiquitination. EPS15 is involved in this process. EPS15 has a role in clathrin-mediated endocytosis, and may also have a role in transcriptional regulation (review in van Bergen and Henegouwen, 2009).
Gene name
KMT2A (myeloid/lymphoid or mixed lineage leukemia)
Location
11q23.3
Protein description
A major transcript of 14982 bp produces a 3969 amino acids protein from 36 of the 37 exons. Contains from N-term to C-term a binding site for MEN1, 3 AT hooks (binds to the minor grove of DNA); 2 speckled nuclear localisation signals; 2 repression domains RD1 and RD2: RD1 or CXXC: cystein methyl transferase, binds CpG rich DNA, has a transcriptional repression activity; RD2 recruits histone desacetylases HDAC1 and HDAC2; 3 plant homeodomains (cystein rich zinc finger domains, with homodimerization properties), 1 bromodomain (may bind acetylated histones), and 1 plant homeodomain; these domains may be involved in protein-protein interaction; a FYRN and a FRYC domain; a transactivation domain which binds CBP; may acetylates H3 and H4 in the HOX area; a SET domain: methyltransferase; methylates H3, including histones in the HOX area for allowing chromatin to be open to transcription. MLL is cleaved by taspase 1 into 2 proteins before entering the nucleus: a p300/320 N-term protein called MLL-N, and a p180 C-term protein, called MLL-C. The FYRN and a FRYC domains of native MLL associate MLL-N and MLL-C in a stable complex; they form a multiprotein complex with transcription factor TFIID. General transcription factor; maintains HOX genes expression in undifferentiated cells. Major regulator of hematopoiesis and embryonic development; role in cell cycle regulation.

Result of the Chromosomal Anomaly

Description

Variable breakpoint in MLL; fusion of exon 6 to 10 of MLL to exon 2 of EPS15 in most studied cases; in one case the fusion exon of EPS15 was exon 12, but it also retains the coiled-coil domain of EPS15; in other cases, the breakpoint is upstream exon 1.

Oncogenesis

The coiled-coil domains of EPS15 mediates oligomerization, activating MLL, and MLL-EPS15 activates Hox gene expression (So et al., 2003).

Article Bibliography

Pubmed IDLast YearTitleAuthors
15343891992Morphologic, immunologic and cytogenetic studies in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia at diagnosis and relapse: a Pediatric Oncology Group study.Abshire TC et al
81341071994A novel gene, AF-1p, fused to HRX in t(1;11)(p32;q23), is not related to AF-4, AF-9 nor ENL.Bernard OA et al
119869372002Clinical features, cytogenetics and outcome in acute lymphoblastic and myeloid leukaemia of infancy: report from the MRC Childhood Leukaemia working party.Chessells JM et al
202065592010Complex and cryptic chromosomal rearrangements involving the MLL gene in acute leukemia: a study of 7 patients and review of the literature.De Braekeleer E et al
157216412005Rearrangement of the MLL gene in acute myeloblastic leukemia: report of two rare translocations.Douet-Guilbert N et al
97030011998MLL genomic breakpoint distribution within the breakpoint cluster region in de novo leukemia in children.Felix CA et al
34978481987Karyotype, immunophenotype, and clinical outcome: correlations in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia.Gregoire MJ et al
31181001987Characterization of the blast cells in acute leukemia with translocation (4;11): report of eight additional cases and of one case with a variant translocation.Hagemeijer A et al
95932861998Ten novel 11q23 chromosomal partner sites. European 11q23 Workshop participants.Harrison CJ et al
27134981989Two karyotypically independent leukemic clones with the t(8;21) and 11q23 translocation in acute myeloblastic leukemia at relapse.Hayashi Y et al
193227382009Acute lymphoblastic leukemia secondary to chemoradiotherapy for perivascular epithelioid cell tumor of uterus.Jeon IS et al
39428331986Clinical and hematologic characteristics in acute leukemia with 11q23 translocations.Kaneko Y et al
124725702002A study on 289 consecutive Korean patients with acute leukaemias revealed fluorescence in situ hybridization detects the MLL translocation without cytogenetic evidence both initially and during follow-up.Kim HJ et al
18348891991[Chromosome aberrations in acute leukemia in childhood: analysis of 1009 patients].Lampert F et al
95081841998Secondary myelodysplasia and acute leukemia in breast cancer patients after autologous bone marrow transplant.Laughlin MJ et al
32571571988Cytogenetic studies in T-cell malignancies.Mecucci C et al
165115152006The MLL recombinome of acute leukemias.Meyer C et al
107232462000[Chromosome 1 abnormalities at band 1p32 in two atomic bomb survivors with myelodysplastic syndrome].Nakamura H et al
95095131998Acute lymphoblastic leukemia with t(1;11)(p32;q23) in a patient treated for osteogenic sarcoma.Pinto LI et al
19749521990Myeloid neoplasia in children treated for solid tumours.Pui CH et al
24967711989Childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia with chromosomal breakpoints at 11q23.Raimondi SC et al
90411731997The localization of the HRX/ALL1 protein to specific nuclear subdomains is altered by fusion with its eps15 translocation partner.Rogaia D et al
95932901998Secondary acute leukemia and myelodysplastic syndrome with 11q23 abnormalities. EU Concerted Action 11q23 Workshop.Secker-Walker LM et al
34717011987A new translocation t(1;4;11) in congenital acute nonlymphocytic leukemia (acute myeloblastic leukemia).Selypes A et al
196657892010A novel MLL-AF1p/Eps15 fusion variant in therapy-related acute lymphoblastic leukemia, lacking the EH-domains.Shinohara A et al
29187571989Isochromosome 9q in acute lymphoblastic leukemia: a new non-random finding.Shippey CA et al
129572852003Dimerization contributes to oncogenic activation of MLL chimeras in acute leukemias.So CW et al
107641442000The interaction between EEN and Abi-1, two MLL fusion partners, and synaptojanin and dynamin: implications for leukaemogenesis.So CW et al
147040372003MLL/AF-1p fusion in therapy-related early pre-B acute lymphoblastic leukemia with t(1;11)(p32;q23) translocation developing in the relapse phase of acute promyelocytic leukemia.Tsujioka T et al
205198222010Therapy-related myelodysplastic/myeloproliferative neoplasms with del(5q) and t(1;11)(p32;q23) lacking MLL rearrangement.Yamamoto K et al
198147982009Eps15: a multifunctional adaptor protein regulating intracellular trafficking.van Bergen En Henegouwen PM et al
107382982000A DNA probe combination for improved detection of MLL/11q23 breakpoints by double-color interphase-FISH in acute leukemias.von Bergh A et al

Summary

Fusion gene

KMT2A/EPS15 KMT2A (11q23.3) EPS15 (1p32.3) COF 1998 1999 2002 2003 2004 2007 2008|KMT2A/EPS15 KMT2A (11q23.3) EPS15 (1p32.3) TIC
Atlas Image
t(1;11)(p32;q23) G-banding - Courtesy Melanie Zenger and Claudia Haferlach (left), and Diane H. Norback, Eric B. Johnson, and Sara Morrison-Delap,UW Cytogenetic Services.

Citation

Jean-Loup Huret

t(1;11)(p32;q23) KMT2A/EPS15

Atlas Genet Cytogenet Oncol Haematol. 2010-09-01

Online version: http://atlasgeneticsoncology.org/haematological/1046/gene-explorer/js/favicon/favicon-32x32.png