Follicular lymphoma (FL)

2005-12-01   Antonio Cuneo  , Antonio Cuneo  , Antonio Cuneo  

1.Hematology Section, Dept. Of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44100 Ferrara Italy
2.Section of Haematology, University of Ferrara, Arcispedale S. Anna, Corso Giovecca 203, 44100 Ferrara, Italy
3.Hematology Section, Dept. Of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44100 Ferrara Italy

Clinics and Pathology

Phenotype stem cell origin

Pan-B antigens test positive. The immunophenotypic profile is CD10+, CD5-, sIg+ and the cell of origin is a germinal centre B-cell that has encountered the antigen.

Epidemiology

This lymphoma accounts for 30-40% of all lymphomas occurring in the adult population in western countries. Its peak incidence is in the fifth and sixth decade.

Clinics

  • The patients most often present widespead disease at diagnosis, with nodal and extranodal (bone marrow) involvement. Peripheral blood involvement is detectable by light microscopy in approximately 10% of the cases, but the majority of cases can be shown to have circulating malignant cells by sensitive molecular genetic methods.
  • The disease usually runs an indolent course. Grade 3 FL may be characterized by earlier relapse, especially if treated with regimens not including an anthracycline drug.

    • Pathology

    The lymphoma is composed of a mixture of centrocytes and centroblasts with a follicular and diffuse pattern. Lymphoma grading by the number of large cells/centroblasts is recommended: three grades are recognized with incresing number of centroblasts.

    Treatment

    Depending on age and stage at presentation it may vary from a "watch and wait" policy in initial stages to multiagent chemotherapy in advanced stages. Immunotherapy using chimeric anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody has an important role in combination with chemotherapy. Radioimmunotherapy has an important role in relapsed or refractory patients.

    Evolution

    The majority of patients cannot be cured by chemotherapy and eventually relapse. Histologic switch into high grade lymphoma may occur. A positive impact on long term disease free survival and overall survival is likely to derive from the introduction of monoclonal antibodies in association with multiagent chemotherapy.

    Prognosis

    Approximately 60% of the patients presenting with limited disease are alive at 10 years. Patients in stages III and IV were reported to have a median survival in the 8-12 years range

    Cytogenetics

    Cytogenetics morphological

    Seventy-80% of the cases carry the t(14;18)(q32;q21) as the primary chromosome anomaly. Rare variant translocation t(2;18)(p11;q21) and t(18;22)(q21;q11) were described. Approximately 15% of the cases show a 3q27 break, half of which include the t(3;14)(q27;q32) and the variant translocations t(3;22)(q27;q11) and t(2;3)(p11;q27)

    Cytogenetics molecular

    The incidence of 6q21 deletion and 17p13/p53 deletion (see below) by interphase FISH analysis may be around 60% and 20%, respectively

    Additional anomalies

  • Secondary chromosome changes are both numerical and structural. Trisomy 7, +8; +12, +3, +18, +X each occur in 10-20% of the cases. There is an association between +7 and the presence of a large cell component, but no numerical anomaly has an independent impact on prognosis.
  • Deletions of 6q23-26 occur at a 25-30% incidence; 17p anomalies are present in approximately 10% of the cases. The presence of these anomalies may have a correlation with disease transfornation and it was associated with an inferior prognosis.
  • Rarely, histologic switch into a high grade lymphoma may be associated with the development of an additional t(8;14)(q24;q32). The clinical course in these cases is aggressive
  • The incidence of 6q21 deletion and 17p13/p53 deletion by interphase FISH analysis may be around 60% and 20%, respectively.
  • Other anomalies include 1p36 deletion in 10-12% of the cases, probably centered around the p73 gene; 10q22-24 deletions in 10-13% of the cases and 9p21 deletions/ p16 deletions, associated with histologic transformation

    • Genes Involved and Proteins

    Result of the Chromosomal Anomaly

    Description

    No fusion protein. The t(14;18) brings about the juxtaposition of BCL-2 with the Ig heavy chain joining segment, with consequent marked overexpression of the BCL2 protein product. The majority of breakpoints on 18q22 fall into two regions: the major breakpoint region (60-70% of the cases) and the minor cluster region (20-25% of the cases).
    In those cases with 3q27/BCL6 involvement the breakpoints on 3q27 are usually located in a different region with respect to high grade diffuse large cell lymphoma. This region is located 245 and 285 kb 5¹ of BCL6 (alternative breakpoint cluster region)

    Oncogenesis

    BCL-2 overexpression prevents cell to die by apoptosis. BCL-2 forms heterodimers with BAX and the relative proportion of BCL-2 to BAX determines the functional activity of BCL-2. In vitro, BCL-2 constitutive expression has a definite role in sustaining cell growth, whereas in vivo, BCL-2 transgenes induce a pattern of polyclonal proliferation of mature B-cells.

    Article Bibliography

    Pubmed IDLast YearTitleAuthors
    81673311994LAZ3 rearrangements in non-Hodgkin's lymphoma: correlation with histology, immunophenotype, karyotype, and clinical outcome in 217 patients.Bastard C et al
    96338921998Gain of chromosome 7 marks the progression from indolent to aggressive follicle centre lymphoma and is a common finding in patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma: a study by FISH.Bernell P et al
    160754632005BCL6 alternative translocation breakpoint cluster region associated with follicular lymphoma grade 3B.Bosga-Bouwer AG et al
    100921301999Analysis of PTEN mutations and deletions in B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphomas.Butler MP et al
    103899251999Rearrangements of chromosome band 1p36 in non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.Dave BJ et al
    96161651998Homozygous deletions at chromosome 9p21 involving p16 and p15 are associated with histologic progression in follicle center lymphoma.Elenitoba-Johnson KS et al
    105778571999World Health Organization classification of neoplastic diseases of the hematopoietic and lymphoid tissues: report of the Clinical Advisory Committee meeting-Airlie House, Virginia, November 1997.Harris NL et al
    80494241994Prognostic value of chromosomal abnormalities in follicular lymphoma.Tilly H et al
    147362812004Follicular lymphoma with a burkitt translocation--predictor of an aggressive clinical course: a case report and review of the literature.Voorhees PM et al
    90875721997Frequent deletions of 6q23-24 in B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphomas detected by fluorescence in situ hybridization.Zhang Y et al

    Citation

    Antonio Cuneo ; Antonio Cuneo ; Antonio Cuneo

    Follicular lymphoma (FL)

    Atlas Genet Cytogenet Oncol Haematol. 2005-12-01

    Online version: http://atlasgeneticsoncology.org/haematological/2075/cancer-prone-explorer/gene-explorer/humanGenome

    Historical Card

    2001-03-01 Follicular lymphoma (FL) by  Gianluigi Castoldi,Antonio Cuneo 

    Section of Haematology, University of Ferrara, Arcispedale S. Anna, Corso Giovecca 203, 44100 Ferrara, Italy