DYRK1A (dual-specificity tyrosine- (Y)-phosphorylation regulated kinase 1A)

2010-09-01   Maria L Arbonés , Susana de la Luna 

Center for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Barcelona, Spain (MLA, SDLL); Institucio Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avancats (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain (SDLL)

Identity

HGNC
LOCATION
21q22.13
IMAGE
Atlas Image
LEGEND
Map of the Chromosomal region in 21q22.13 - 21q22.2 where DYRK1A is located. Genes (in green) and predicted gene (in black) surrounding DYRK1A are depicted according to the chromosomal position in NCBI Map Viewer (version released in August 2009). Direction of the arrowhead indicates the orientation of the gene.
LOCUSID
ALIAS
DYRK,DYRK1,HP86,MNB,MNBH,MRD7
FUSION GENES

DNA/RNA

Atlas Image
Schematic representation of the exon-intron organization of human DYRK1A gene. The size of introns and exons is in kb. Exons (boxes) are numbered and drawn to scale: in orange, coding exons; in blue, alternative first exons. The position of major transcription start sites (TSSs) according to Maenz et al. (2008) is indicated with blue arrows. Alternative splicing events are shown with dotted lines and numbered from a-e.

Description

The DYRK1A gene contains at least 12 exons spanning approximately 149.7 kb of genomic DNA.

Transcription

Several transcripts have been identified as result of alternative splicing (Wang et al., 1998; Guimerá et al., 1999; Maenz et al., 2008). The use of two alternative first exons, controlled by different promoter sequences, does not affect the open reading frame (alternative splicing events a and b). These two promoters differ in their strength and regulation by the transcription factor E2F1 (Maenz et al., 2008). Exclusion of exon 2 would give rise to a N-terminal truncated protein (alternative splicing event c). The use of an alternative acceptor site within exon 4 (alternative splicing events d and e) generates two protein variants that differ by the inclusion/exclusion of 9 amino acids in the N-terminal region (Kentrup et al., 1996; Guimerá et al., 1999). No functional differences have been associated to any of these variants. Further splice variants, affecting the C-terminal region, were identified by PCR cloning (Guimerá et al., 1999), although the existence of the protein isoforms encoded by these transcripts has not yet been confirmed.

Pseudogene

No pseudogene reported.

Proteins

Atlas Image
Schematic representation of DYRK1A protein. NLS: nuclear localization signal. DH: DYRK-homology box. PEST: Pest motif. His: Polyhistidine stretch. S/T: Serine and threonine-rich region. The line shows the alternatively spliced segment of 9 amino acids.

Description

The DYRK1A gene encodes two main protein isoforms of 763 and 754 amino acids. DYRK1A is a protein kinase that belongs to the DYRK family of dual-specificity protein kinases (CMGC group: DYRK family: DYRK subfamily). The kinase domain is located centrally in the primary structure of the protein. DYRK1A shares with the other DYRKs a conserved motif N-terminal to the kinase domain known as DYRK homology (DH)-box. It also harbors a functional, bipartite nuclear localization signal (NLS) N-terminal to the DH-box, a second NLS between subdomains X and XI within the kinase domain, a C-terminal PEST motif, and a polyhistidine tract that acts as a nuclear speckle targeting signal. When analyzed by Western blot with antibodies raised against the C-terminal, the protein appears as three bands around 90 kDa.

Expression

At the RNA level, DYRK1A is expressed as an approximately 6 kb transcript in many fetal and adult tissues including brain, heart, lung and skeletal muscle (Guimerá et al., 1996; Shindoh et al., 1996; Song et al., 1996). At the protein level, human DYRK1A expression has been mainly studied in the central nervous system, where it is detected in cortex, hippocampus, amygdala, thalamus and substantia nigra (Wegiel et al., 2004). The number of DYRK1A immunopositive neurons increases with maturation of human brain and an increase in the number of DYRK1A-positive astrocytes in aged people has also been observed (Weigel et al., 2004). Work done in mice has led to the proposal that Dyrk1a is expressed in sequential phases of central nervous system development; i) scattered expression in individual pre-neurogenic progenitors; ii) throughout the cell cycle in neurogenic progenitors; ii) down-regulated in post-mitotic neurons as they migrate radially; and iv) sustained expression in late differentiating neurons (Hammerle et al., 2008). Based on these observations, DYRK1A has been suggested to be critical for the coupling of the sequential events required for proper neuronal development.
The analysis of the human DYRK1A promoter found two promoter regions that respond differentially to the cell cycle-related transcription factor E2F1 (Maenz et al., 2008). Binding of the AP4-geminin complex to the human DYRK1A promoter has been shown by chromatin immunoprecipitation assays; moreover, the DYRK1A promoter is downregulated by AP4 overexpression in gene reporter assays, suggesting that the AP4-geminin repressor complex could be responsible of the DYRK1A downregulation in non-neuronal cells (Kim et al., 2004). In mice, Dyrk1a is transcriptionally induced by the receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand (RANKL) cytokine through the activity of the nuclear factor of activated T-cells (NFAT) transcription factors (Lee et al., 2009).

Localisation

When overexpressed in mammalian cells, DYRK1A protein mainly localizes in the nucleus and shows a punctuated staining that it is compatible with its accumulation in nuclear speckles (or splicing factor compartment) (Becker et al., 1998; Alvarez et al., 2003). Two nuclear localization signals contribute to DYRK1A nuclear translocation and the histidine stretch is responsible for the accumulation of the protein in nuclear speckles (Alvarez et al., 2003). Endogenous DYRK1A is detected in both the nucleus and the cytosol of human neurons, but only in the cytosol of astrocytes (Wegiel et al., 2004). Within the cytosol, DYRK1A accumulates in the cell bodies, dendrites and synapses (Wegiel et al., 2004). Similar behaviour has been described for mouse and chicken Dyrk1a (Marti et al., 2003; Hammerle et al., 2003; Laguna et al., 2008). These findings also correlate with the observed nuclear-cytosolic partitioning of Dyrk1a in mouse brain by biochemical fractionation (Aranda et al., 2008).
In certain pathological situations like the neurodegeneration associated to sporadic Alzheimers disease and Down syndrome, DYRK1A is detected in neurofibrillary tangles, in granules in granulovacuolar degeneration and in corpora amylacea (Wegiel et al., 2008).

Function

DYRK1A is a dual-specificity protein kinase that autophosphorylates on tyrosine serine and threonine residues, but phosphorylate substrates only on serine or threonine residues. Autophosphorylation of Tyr 312/321 (754/763 variants) in the activation loop is required for full catalytic activity (Himpel et al., 2001; Lochhed et al., 2005). A full list of the residues phosphorylated in DYRK1A can be found at PhoSphositePlus. A consensus phosphorylation sequence has been proposed for DYRK1A (RPXS/TP) (Himpel et al., 2000), although some phosphorylation sites have been found that do not fit within the consensus such as in the case of LTAT(434)P in SF3B1/SAP155 or RPAS(640)V in glycogen synthase (Skurat et al., 2004; de Graaf et al., 2006).
The phenotypic analysis of a loss-of-function mouse model has provided information about DYRK1A functional roles. Null Dyrk1a embryos present a severe developmental delay and die around embryonic day 10.5, and the analysis of the heterozygous animals has indicated that DYRK1A plays a role in brain development (Fotaki et al., 2002). In this context, DYRK1A has been shown to participate in neuritogenesis (Benavides-Piccione et al., 2005; Gockler et al., 2009; Lepagnol-Bestel et al., 2009; Scales et al., 2009), and DYRK1A overexpression potentiates nerve growth factor (NGF)-mediated neuronal differentiation in PC12 cells through an enhancement of Ras/MAPK signalling (Kelly and Ramahni, 2005) or exit from the cell cycle in neuronal progenitors (Park et al., 2010; Yabut et al., 2010). Furthermore, an increase in DYRK1A gene dosage alters the levels of neuron-restrictive silencer factor (NRSF or REST), a key regulator of neuronal differentiation (Canzonetta et al., 2008). In the adult brain, DYRK1A regulates epidermal growth factor (EGF) signalling in stem cell daughters and reduced levels of DYRK1A compromise stem cell longevity (Ferron et al., 2010). These evidences together with DYRK1A overexpression in Down syndrome individuals (Dowjat et al., 2007) and the phenotype of mouse models of overexpression (Smith et al., 1997; Altafaj et al., 2001; Ahn et al., 2006), have led to the proposal of DYRK1A as a main contributor to Down syndrome neurological alterations (reviewed in Park et al., 2009a). Finally, there are increasing evidences of a link of DYRK1A with neurodegeneration, given that it phosphorylates several proteins related to this cellular process including tau, alpha-synuclein, septin-4, presenilin or amyloid beta precursor protein (APP) and accumulates in amyloid lesions (reviewed in Park et al., 2009b).
Additionally, the participation of DYRK1A in different cellular processes and signal transduction pathways has been inferred from the activity of its interactors and substrates. Functional activities include apoptosis, exerting a protective role through phosphorylation of caspase-9 or the deactelylase sirtuin-1 (SIRT1) (Seifert et al., 2008; Laguna et al., 2008; Guo et al., 2010); endocytosis, through the interaction and phosphorylation of the GTPase dynamin-1, the phosphatase synaptojanin-1 or the scaffold protein amphiphysin-1 (Murakami et al., 2009; and references therein); cytoskeletal-related processes, through phosphorylation of tau or microtubule-associated protein 1B (MAP1B) (Woods et al., 2001; Scales et al., 2009); receptor tyrosine kinase-dependent signalling, through the interaction with the kinase B-Raf (NGF) or the inhibitor Sprouty-2 (FGF) (Kelly and Rahmani, 2005; Aranda et al., 2008).
A relevant group of DYRK1A substrates are chromatin regulators and transcription factors suggesting a role for DYRK1A in the regulation of gene expression programs. When assayed in gene reporter assays, DYRK1A works as an activator of cAMP responsive element binding protein 1 (CREB1) (Yang et al., 2001), Gli1 (Mao et al., 2002), forkhead box protein O1 (FOXO1/FKHR) (von Groote-Bidlingmaier et al., 2003) or androgen receptor-interacting protein 4 (ARIP4/RAD54L2) (Sitz et al., 2004) and as an inhibitor of Notch-dependent transcription (Fernandez-Martinez et al., 2009). DYRK1A acts as negative regulator of NFAT transcription factors in distinct cellular environments by inducing their translocation to the cytosol (Arron et al., 2006; Kuhn et al., 2009; Lee et al., 2009). DYRK1A cooperation with glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3) promotes the degradation of cryptochrome 2 (CRY2), thus contributing to the internal cellular clock (Kurabayashi et al., 2010). Another DYRK1A target is the tumour protein p53, either by being a direct DYRK1A substrate or indirectly through the phosphorylation by DYRK1A of the p53 deactelylase SIRT1 (Guo et al., 2010; Park et al., 2010). Finally, DYRK1A has been proposed as a regulator of splicing based on DYRK1A localization in nuclear speckles (Alvarez et al., 2003) and on having several splicing factors such SF3b1 or ASF as substrates (de Graaf et al., 2006; Shi et al., 2008). In fact, DYRK1A phosphorylation of the alternative splicing factor ASF prevents ASF-mediated inclusion of the alternatively spliced exon 10 in tau mRNA (Shi et al., 2008).

Homology

Mouse and human DYRK1A show a high degree of homology at the amino acid level (99%). The Drosophila DYRK1A orthologue is the minibrain gene (Tejedor et al., 1995). Within the DYRK family of kinases, the closest paralogous is DYRK1B.

Mutations

Note

A truncated mutation in DYRK1A gene has been identified in two unrelated patients that present prenatal onset of microcephaly, intrauterine growth retardation, developmental delay, severe feeding problems and febrile seizures. In both patients, truncation of DYRK1A results from a de novo balanced translocation involving chromosome 21, t(9;21)(p12;q22) in one patient and t(2;21)(q22;q22) in the other (Moller et al., 2008). Location of the breakpoints within DYRK1A is depicted in the diagram bellow.
Atlas Image
Schematic representation of DYRK1A gene indicating the location of the breakpoints in chromosome 21 (vertical arrows) of the reported patients with a de novo balanced translocation.

Implicated in

Entity name
Various types of cancer and disease
Disease
There are evidences suggesting a role of DYRK1A in several human diseases. All the evidences, with the exception of those reported in Moller et al. (2008) regarding microcephaly, are based on in vitro molecular and biochemical studies, on RNA expression studies and on studies in model organisms, mainly in the mouse. The list of human diseases includes Down syndrome (reviewed in Hammerle et al., 2003; Park et al., 2009a), early onset microcephaly (Moller et al., 2008), Alzheimer and Huntington diseases (reviewed in Park et al., 2009b), several cancer types (Baek et al., 2009; de Wit et al., 2002) and cardiac hypertrophy (Khun at al., 2009; Raaf et al., 2009).
Oncogenesis
Experiments performed in the Ts65Dn trisomic mouse model for Down syndrome have shown that overexpression of DYRK1A contributes to the attenuation of the calcineurin pathway induced by the increased dosage of RCAN1 (also named DSCR1), a chromosome 21 gene that like DYRK1A is triplicated in this model (Baek et al., 2009). The reduction in calcineurin signalling leads to a significant reduction of angiogenesis and tumour growth. Because the incidence of many cancer types is significantly reduced in people with Down syndrome (complete trisomy of chromosome 21), the results obtained in mice suggest that small differences in the amount of DYRK1A kinase could, through the calcineurin-dependent regulation of angiogenesis, modify the growth of some type of tumours also in humans (Pussegoda et al., 2010). By contrary, phosphorylation of caspase-9 by DYRK1A may have a negative role in cancer because a reduction of caspase-9 apoptotic activity protects mitotic cells from apoptosis and promotes cell survival during tumorigenesis (Allan and Clarke, 2007).
DYRK1A has been shown to interact with two viral oncoproteins, adenovirus E1A and human papilloma virus (HPV) E7 (Zhang et al., 2001; Liang et al., 2008; Komorek et al., 2010), which could be suggestive of the involvement of DYRK1A in oncogenic transformation.
Entity name
Melanoma
Note
DYRK1A mRNA levels in a melanoma cell line with high metastatic potential (Mel57) are lower than in a melanoma cell line (1F6) with poor metastatic potential. DYRK1A mRNA levels are down-regulated in vivo during melanocytic tumour progression, and in tumour samples from lung, oesophagus, colon, pancreas and testis when compared to normal samples from the same tissues (de Wit et al., 2002).
Entity name
Cervical cancer
Note
HPV type 16 (HPV16) is a tumorigenic virus that causes the development of cervical cancer. DYRK1A is present in HPV16 immortalized keratinocytes but not in primary keratynocytes; moreover, malignant cervical lesions contain more DYRK1A than normal tissue (Chang et al., 2007). Biochemical data lead to the suggestion that the increased expression of DYRK1A in immortalized keratinocytes and in cervical tissues acts as an antiapoptotic factor in the FKHR-dependent pathway leading to tumour development (Chang et al., 2007). Additionally, DYRK1A interacts and phosphorylates the HPV16 protein E7 leading to its stabilization and to an increase in its capacity for forming clones in a colony-formation assay (Liang et al., 2008).
Entity name
Pancreatic endocrine neoplasms
Note
Microarray hybridization data showed up-regulation of DYRK1A in metastatic pancreatic endocrine neoplasms when compared with nonmetastatic pancreatic endocrine neoplasms (Hansel et al., 2004).

Bibliography

Pubmed IDLast YearTitleAuthors
164552652006DYRK1A BAC transgenic mice show altered synaptic plasticity with learning and memory defects.Ahn KJ et al
174666302007Phosphorylation of caspase-9 by CDK1/cyclin B1 protects mitotic cells against apoptosis.Allan LA et al
115556282001Neurodevelopmental delay, motor abnormalities and cognitive deficits in transgenic mice overexpressing Dyrk1A (minibrain), a murine model of Down's syndrome.Altafaj X et al
127994182003DYRK1A accumulates in splicing speckles through a novel targeting signal and induces speckle disassembly.Alvarez M et al
186786492008Sprouty2-mediated inhibition of fibroblast growth factor signaling is modulated by the protein kinase DYRK1A.Aranda S et al
165547542006NFAT dysregulation by increased dosage of DSCR1 and DYRK1A on chromosome 21.Arron JR et al
194586182009Down's syndrome suppression of tumour growth and the role of the calcineurin inhibitor DSCR1.Baek KH et al
97482651998Sequence characteristics, subcellular localization, and substrate specificity of DYRK-related kinases, a novel family of dual specificity protein kinases.Becker W et al
161375722005Alterations in the phenotype of neocortical pyramidal cells in the Dyrk1A+/- mouse.Benavides-Piccione R et al
187717602008DYRK1A-dosage imbalance perturbs NRSF/REST levels, deregulating pluripotency and embryonic stem cell fate in Down syndrome.Canzonetta C et al
172944462007Increased expression of Dyrk1a in HPV16 immortalized keratinocytes enable evasion of apoptosis.Chang HS et al
80553221993Molecular mapping of twenty-four features of Down syndrome on chromosome 21.Delabar JM et al
171451342007Trisomy-driven overexpression of DYRK1A kinase in the brain of subjects with Down syndrome.Dowjat WK et al
193837202009Attenuation of Notch signalling by the Down-syndrome-associated kinase DYRK1A.Fernandez-Martinez J et al
208049722010Regulated segregation of kinase Dyrk1A during asymmetric neural stem cell division is critical for EGFR-mediated biased signaling.Ferron SR et al
121920612002Dyrk1A haploinsufficiency affects viability and causes developmental delay and abnormal brain morphology in mice.Fotaki V et al
197961732009Harmine specifically inhibits protein kinase DYRK1A and interferes with neurite formation.Göckler N et al
103290071999Human minibrain homologue (MNBH/DYRK1): characterization, alternative splicing, differential tissue expression, and overexpression in Down syndrome.Guimera J et al
201676032010DYRK1A and DYRK3 promote cell survival through phosphorylation and activation of SIRT1.Guo X et al
183640312008The spatio-temporal and subcellular expression of the candidate Down syndrome gene Mnb/Dyrk1A in the developing mouse brain suggests distinct sequential roles in neuronal development.Hämmerle B et al
154480022004Met proto-oncogene and insulin-like growth factor binding protein 3 overexpression correlates with metastatic ability in well-differentiated pancreatic endocrine neoplasms.Hansel DE et al
116724232001Identification of the autophosphorylation sites and characterization of their effects in the protein kinase DYRK1A.Himpel S et al
106446962000Specificity determinants of substrate recognition by the protein kinase DYRK1A.Himpel S et al
159172942005DYRK1A enhances the mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade in PC12 cells by forming a complex with Ras, B-Raf, and MEK1.Kelly PA et al
86319521996Dyrk, a dual specificity protein kinase with unique structural features whose activity is dependent on tyrosine residues between subdomains VII and VIII.Kentrup H et al
169241112006A repressor complex, AP4 transcription factor and geminin, negatively regulates expression of target genes in nonneuronal cells.Kim MY et al
200537462010Adenovirus type 5 E1A and E6 proteins of low-risk cutaneous beta-human papillomaviruses suppress cell transformation through interaction with FOXK1/K2 transcription factors.Komorek J et al
193722202009DYRK1A is a novel negative regulator of cardiomyocyte hypertrophy.Kuhn C et al
201239782010DYRK1A and glycogen synthase kinase 3beta, a dual-kinase mechanism directing proteasomal degradation of CRY2 for circadian timekeeping.Kurabayashi N et al
190810732008The protein kinase DYRK1A regulates caspase-9-mediated apoptosis during retina development.Laguna A et al
198015422009Negative feedback Inhibition of NFATc1 by DYRK1A regulates bone homeostasis.Lee Y et al
192182692009DYRK1A interacts with the REST/NRSF-SWI/SNF chromatin remodelling complex to deregulate gene clusters involved in the neuronal phenotypic traits of Down syndrome.Lepagnol-Bestel AM et al
184684762008DYRK1A stabilizes HPV16E7 oncoprotein through phosphorylation of the threonine 5 and threonine 7 residues.Liang YJ et al
159609792005Activation-loop autophosphorylation is mediated by a novel transitional intermediate form of DYRKs.Lochhead PA et al
183667632008Characterization of the human DYRK1A promoter and its regulation by the transcription factor E2F1.Maenz B et al
121381252002Regulation of Gli1 transcriptional activity in the nucleus by Dyrk1.Mao J et al
125761862003Dyrk1A expression pattern supports specific roles of this kinase in the adult central nervous system.Martí E et al
91065471997Possible narrowed assignment of the loci of monosomy 21-associated microcephaly and intrauterine growth retardation to a 1.2-Mb segment at 21q22.2.Matsumoto N et al
184058732008Truncation of the Down syndrome candidate gene DYRK1A in two unrelated patients with microcephaly.Møller RS et al
197227002009Dyrk1A binds to multiple endocytic proteins required for formation of clathrin-coated vesicles.Murakami N et al
206967602010Dyrk1A phosphorylates p53 and inhibits proliferation of embryonic neuronal cells.Park J et al
196850052009Function and regulation of Dyrk1A: towards understanding Down syndrome.Park J et al
205979222010Down's syndrome patients are less likely to develop cancer.Pussegoda KA et al
199064492010Hyperhomocysteinemia-induced Dyrk1a downregulation results in cardiomyocyte hypertrophy in rats.Raaf L et al
195496902009Nonprimed and DYRK1A-primed GSK3 beta-phosphorylation sites on MAP1B regulate microtubule dynamics in growing axons.Scales TM et al
190168422008DYRK1A phosphorylates caspase 9 at an inhibitory site and is potently inhibited in human cells by harmine.Seifert A et al
186581352008Increased dosage of Dyrk1A alters alternative splicing factor (ASF)-regulated alternative splicing of tau in Down syndrome.Shi J et al
87690991996Cloning of a human homolog of the Drosophila minibrain/rat Dyrk gene from "the Down syndrome critical region" of chromosome 21.Shindoh N et al
151991382004Dyrk1A potentiates steroid hormone-induced transcription via the chromatin remodeling factor Arip4.Sitz JH et al
145931102004Phosphorylation of Ser640 in muscle glycogen synthase by DYRK family protein kinases.Skurat AV et al
91403921997Functional screening of 2 Mb of human chromosome 21q22.2 in transgenic mice implicates minibrain in learning defects associated with Down syndrome.Smith DJ et al
89757101996Isolation of human and murine homologues of the Drosophila minibrain gene: human homologue maps to 21q22.2 in the Down syndrome "critical region".Song WJ et al
78576391995minibrain: a new protein kinase family involved in postembryonic neurogenesis in Drosophila.Tejedor F et al
97844101998Identification of two novel 5' noncoding exons in human MNB/DYRK gene and alternatively spliced transcripts.Wang J et al
186960922008The role of overexpressed DYRK1A protein in the early onset of neurofibrillary degeneration in Down syndrome.Wegiel J et al
151261192004Cell type- and brain structure-specific patterns of distribution of minibrain kinase in human brain.Wegiel J et al
113111212001The kinase DYRK phosphorylates protein-synthesis initiation factor eIF2Bepsilon at Ser539 and the microtubule-associated protein tau at Thr212: potential role for DYRK as a glycogen synthase kinase 3-priming kinase.Woods YL et al
202372712010Dyrk1A overexpression inhibits proliferation and induces premature neuronal differentiation of neural progenitor cells.Yabut O et al
115187092001Protein kinase Dyrk1 activates cAMP response element-binding protein during neuronal differentiation in hippocampal progenitor cells.Yang EJ et al
112510812001Interaction of the E1A oncoprotein with Yak1p, a novel regulator of yeast pseudohyphal differentiation, and related mammalian kinases.Zhang Z et al
165129212006The protein kinase DYRK1A phosphorylates the splicing factor SF3b1/SAP155 at Thr434, a novel in vivo phosphorylation site.de Graaf K et al
118282592002Differentially expressed genes identified in human melanoma cell lines with different metastatic behaviour using high density oligonucleotide arrays.de Wit NJ et al
125075162003DYRK1 is a co-activator of FKHR (FOXO1a)-dependent glucose-6-phosphatase gene expression.von Groote-Bidlingmaier F et al

Other Information

Locus ID:

NCBI: 1859
MIM: 600855
HGNC: 3091
Ensembl: ENSG00000157540

Variants:

dbSNP: 1859
ClinVar: 1859
TCGA: ENSG00000157540
COSMIC: DYRK1A

RNA/Proteins

Gene IDTranscript IDUniprot
ENSG00000157540ENST00000338785Q13627
ENSG00000157540ENST00000339659Q13627
ENSG00000157540ENST00000398956Q13627
ENSG00000157540ENST00000398960Q13627
ENSG00000157540ENST00000426672E7EMI5
ENSG00000157540ENST00000455097N0GVR9
ENSG00000157540ENST00000642309A0A2R8Y443
ENSG00000157540ENST00000643551A0A2R8YEY4
ENSG00000157540ENST00000643624Q13627
ENSG00000157540ENST00000643854A0A2R8Y443
ENSG00000157540ENST00000644942Q13627
ENSG00000157540ENST00000645424Q13627
ENSG00000157540ENST00000645774A0A2R8YDF3
ENSG00000157540ENST00000646523A0A2R8Y6L5
ENSG00000157540ENST00000646548Q13627
ENSG00000157540ENST00000647188Q13627
ENSG00000157540ENST00000647425Q13627
ENSG00000157540ENST00000647504A0A2R8Y6I6

Expression (GTEx)

0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40

Pathways

PathwaySourceExternal ID
Cell CycleREACTOMER-HSA-1640170
Cell Cycle, MitoticREACTOMER-HSA-69278
Mitotic G1-G1/S phasesREACTOMER-HSA-453279
G0 and Early G1REACTOMER-HSA-1538133

Protein levels (Protein atlas)

Not detected
Low
Medium
High

References

Pubmed IDYearTitleCitations
211024402010MicroRNA-199b targets the nuclear kinase Dyrk1a in an auto-amplification loop promoting calcineurin/NFAT signalling.108
214985702011DYRK1A protein kinase promotes quiescence and senescence through DREAM complex assembly.96
201676032010DYRK1A and DYRK3 promote cell survival through phosphorylation and activation of SIRT1.88
179062912007DYRK1A-mediated hyperphosphorylation of Tau. A functional link between Down syndrome and Alzheimer disease.78
211560272011MNB/DYRK1A as a multiple regulator of neuronal development.76
185092012008Overexpression of Dyrk1A contributes to neurofibrillary degeneration in Down syndrome.73
211560282011The role of DYRK1A in neurodegenerative diseases.64
171352792007The DYRK1A gene, encoded in chromosome 21 Down syndrome critical region, bridges between beta-amyloid production and tau phosphorylation in Alzheimer disease.60
211263182011Activation, regulation, and inhibition of DYRK1A.59
171451342007Trisomy-driven overexpression of DYRK1A kinase in the brain of subjects with Down syndrome.58

Citation

Maria L Arbonés ; Susana de la Luna

DYRK1A (dual-specificity tyrosine- (Y)-phosphorylation regulated kinase 1A)

Atlas Genet Cytogenet Oncol Haematol. 2010-09-01

Online version: http://atlasgeneticsoncology.org/gene/43234/dyrk1a-(dual-specificity-tyrosine-(y)-phosphorylation-regulated-kinase-1a)