BACH2 (BTB and CNC homology 1, basic leucine zipper transcription factor 2)

2010-01-01   Malene Krag Kjeldsen  , Karen Dybkaer  , Jinghua Liu  , Finn Skou Pedersen  

Identity

HGNC
LOCATION
6q15
LOCUSID
ALIAS
BTBD25,IMD60
FUSION GENES

DNA/RNA

Description

DNA:
NCBI Reference Sequence: NC_000006.11;
370316 bp DNA;
BACH2 consists of 9 exons and 8 intervening introns.
RNA:
NCBI Reference Sequence: NM_021813.2;
9215 bp mRNA.

Transcription

Transcription produces at least four alternative spliced variants.

Pseudogene

By FISH, Sasaki et al. (2000) mapped the BACH2 gene to chromosome 6q15. Southern blot analysis determined that BACH2 is a single-copy gene (Sasaki et al., 2000).

Proteins

Description

Reference sequence for BACH2 protein: NP_068585.1.
BACH2 contains 841 amino acid residues with a molecular weight of 92536 Da.
BACH2 belongs to the bZIP family and CNC subfamily.
BACH2 contains a BTB domain for protein interaction in the N-terminal region starting at amino acid residue 37 to 103. In the C-terminus from amino acid residue 651 to amino acid residue 666 a basic DNA binding domain, followed by a hydrophobic leucine zipper domain ranging from amino acid residue 674 to 695 responsible for dimerisation.
The four alternative spliced variants generate four different proteins:
1) BACH2-003, transcript ID: ENST00000257749 and protein ID: ENSP00000257749. This transcript contains all 9 exons and have the full length transcript at 9215 bps and a full length protein with 841 aa.
2) BACH2-005, transcript ID: ENST00000343122 and protein ID: ENSP00000345642. This transcript contains 7 exons (1, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9) resulting in a transcript with 3981 bps and a protein with 841 aa.
3) BACH2-002, transcript ID: ENST00000406998 and protein ID: ENSP00000384145. This transcript contains only 4 alternative exons (1, 4, 5, 6) producing a transcript at 780 bps and a protein with 81 aa. This alternative protein only contains the BTB domain.
4) BACH2-007, transcript ID : ENST00000453877 and protein ID: ENSP00000397668. This transcript contains only 5 alternative exons (1, 2, 4, 5, 6), producing a transcript at 868 bps and 81 aa. This alterniative protein only contains the BTB domain.
Liu et al. have, in mice, identified an alternative promoter and new isoforms of BACH2 by using murine insertional mutagenesis (Liu et al., 2009).

Related proteins:
BACH1 and BACH2 are highly homologous proteins with significant similarity to each other in the bZIP and BTB domains. But the expression pattern and function of the two proteins are different. BACH1 is more ubiquitously expressed whereas BACH2 expression is restricted to mononuclear and neuronal cells. (Shim et al., 2006; Hoshino and Igarashi, 2002; Muto et al., 1998; Oyake et al., 1996).

Expression

BACH2 is expressed mainly in B-lymphoid cells and in the fetal brain (Muto et al., 1998; Hoshino and Igarashi, 2002). During B cell differentiation BACH2 is expressed from the pro-B cell to the mature B-cell stages but is absent in the plasma cell stage (Igarashi et al., 2007). Its expression is also silenced in primary plasma cells (our unpublished observation). BACH2 is expressed in umbilical cord blood CD4+ T cells (Lesniewski et al., 2008).

Localisation

BACH2 is predominantly cytoplasmic and migrates to the nucleus upon oxidative stress where it functions as a proapoptotic factor (Muto et al., 2002; Hoshino et al., 2000).

Function

BACH2 protein is a transcriptional repressor or activator. BACH2 forms heterodimers with small Maf oncoproteins (MafF, MafG, MafK) through the BTB domain. It binds to Maf recognition elements (MARE) through the DNA binding domain bZIP. It plays important roles in coordinating transcription activation and repression by MAFK (by similarity) (Oyake et al., 1996).

BACH2 in B-cell differentation:
BACH2 is critical for antibody responses including class switch recombination (CSR) and somatic hypermutation (SH) of immunoglobulin genes (Muto et al., 2004). BACH2 and Bcl-6 cooporates to repress Prdm1, and thereby regulating B-cell differentiation through the germinal center (Ochiai et al., 2008).

Neuronal differentiation:
BACH2 seems to be involed in neuronal differentiation, by upregulating both cytoplasmic and nuclear p21 protein levels. P21 is a cdk inhibitor known to arrest the cell cycle. In N1E-115 cells regulation of differentiation involves a down regulation of cellular proliferation (Shim et al., 2006).

Immune response:
BACH2 is involved in the antiviral response triggered by dsRNA or dsDNA molecular patterns (Hong et al., 2008).

Homology

HomoloGene (NCBI) BACH2 conserved in Euteleostomi. Genes identified as putative homologs:
NP_068585.1 BACH2 Homo sapiens
XP_539044.2 BACH2 Canis lupus familiaris
XP_618496.2 BACH2 Bos taurus
XP_232858.3 RGD1562865 Rattus norvegicus
XP_419833.2 BACH2 Gallus gallus
XP_682933.2 bach2 Danio rerio

Mutations

Note

There are 11 SNPs in coding regions of human BACH2 of which 4 are encoding missense protein residues (NCBI dbSNP).
Bach2 is considered a B-cell specific tumor suppressor since loss of heterozygosity (LOH) is frequently observed for non-hodgkin lymphomas (Sasaki et al., 2000).
High throughput screens using retroviral and transposon insertion into mouse models have identified BACH2 as a common insertion site (CIS) (http://rtcgd.abcc.ncifcrf.gov/). BACH2 expression is in these models disrupted or activated in the resulting B cell tumours.
Homozygous null mice display impaired B cell differentiation and reduced B cell numbers.

Implicated in

Note
BACH2 expression was immunohistochemically examined for 108 DLBCL patients and for 2/3 of cases staining intensity in the cytoplasm of the tumor cells was weaker than that in the endothelial cells in the same specimens (Sakane-Ishikawa et al., 2005).
The translocation between the Bcl-2 and the immunoglobulin heavy-chain (IgH) gene, t(14;18)(q21;q34), is a common genetic alteration in follicular and DLBCL lymphomas, bringing the antiapoptotic Bcl-2 gene under regulation of the active IgH promoter in B-cells. This translocation should result in an upregulation of Bcl-2 due to the activity of the IgH promoter in B-cells. Green et al. demonstrated that patients with t(14;18) and a high expression of BACH2 had significantly lower Bcl-2 expression from the t(14;18) translocation (Green et al., 2009).
Disease
DLBCL, a lymphoma entity characterised by an agressive malignancy of mature B-lymphocytes, is the most common type of B-NHL accounting for 30-40%. Bach2 is a B-cell specific tumor suppressor and relatively high frequencies of loss of heterozygosity (LOH), 20% in 25 cases, was detected for Bach2 (Sasaki et al., 2000).
Prognosis
Most patients respond initially to chemotherapy, fewer than half of the patients achieve a durable remission. At present, the International Prognostic Index (IPI) is the most widely used for prediction of outcome in patients with aggresive NHL. It incorporates patient age performance status, serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), clinical stage, and the number of extranodal lesions. Bach2 expression level has proven to be a useful marker to predict disease-free and overall survival of patients with DLBCL, where a favorable prognosis is correlated with a high expression level of Bach2 protein (Sakane-Ishikawa et al., 2005), perhaps because over-expression of Bach2 increased cellular toxicity of anticancer drugs that generate reactive oxygen species (Kamio et al., 2003).
Entity name
Note
Comparison of the mRNA profile of a CML cell line, BV173, before and after imatinib treatment revealed an accumulation of BACH2 mRNA upon BCR-ABL kinase inhibition (Vieira et al., 2001). This up-regulation of BACH2 by imatinib was seen in lymphoid BCR-ABL1-positive cell lines, as well as in CD34+ cells from CML patients, but not in myeloid BCR-ABL1-positive cell lines. However, the relationship between the regulation of BACH2 and higher order nuclear structure in CML and human B cells remains unclear (Vieira et al., 2001; Yoshida et al., 2006).
Disease
CML is a myeloproliferative disorder of the hematopoietic stem cell caused by a t(9;22)(q34;q11) translocation that generates the Philadelphia (Ph) chromosome. This translocation result in the expression of the fusion oncoprotein, Bcr-Abl, with uncontrolled tyrosine kinase activity. Bcr-Abl phsphorylates several substrates that activate multiple signaling pathways, including Ras, signal transducer and activator of transcription-5 (STAT-5), Janus kinase 2 (Jak-2) and others. This abnormal signaling leads to increased proliferation, reduced adhesion to the bone marrow stroma and extracellular matrix, and inhibition of the apoptotic response to mutagenic stimuli, giving rise to the malignant phenotype of CML (Yoshida et al., 2006).
Note
Epstein-Barr virus is an oncogenic virus, present in Burkitts lymphoma cells. The Raji cell line (Burkitts lymphoma) has no BACH2 expression and enforced BACH2 expression generates a marked reduction of clonogenic activity (Sasaki et al., 2000). Takakuwa and co-workers demonstrated that the EBV chromosome was present in intron 1 of the BACH2 gene located on chromosome 6q15. As BACH2 is a putative tumour suppressor gene, they suggest that loss of BACH2 might contribute to lymphomagenesis (Takakuwa et al., 2004).
Entity name
Ovarian cancer
Note
Dysregulated androgen response in ovarian cancer results in transcriptional upregulation of BACH2 and acetylchrolinesterase. Both cytoplasmic BACH2 and acetylcholinesterase immunostaining were significantly increased in ovarian cancer relative to benign cases. Accumulation of nuclear BACH2 correlated with decreased time to disease recurrence (Motamed-Khorasani et al., 2007).
Entity name
Diabetes type 1
Note
Type 1 diabetes is a common multifactorial with a strong genetic component. Genome wide association studies reveal that BACH2 is associated with Type 1 diabetes (Grant et al., 2009; Cooper et al., 2008).

Article Bibliography

Pubmed IDLast YearTitleAuthors
189787922008Meta-analysis of genome-wide association study data identifies additional type 1 diabetes risk loci.Cooper JD et al
188407812009Follow-up analysis of genome-wide association data identifies novel loci for type 1 diabetes.Grant SF et al
189294122009High levels of BACH2 associated with lower levels of BCL2 transcript abundance in t(14;18)(q21;q34) translocation positive non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.Green M et al
179914292008The role of Bach2 in nucleic acid-triggered antiviral innate immune responses.Hong SW et al
122041122002Expression of the oxidative stress-regulated transcription factor bach2 in differentiating neuronal cells.Hoshino H et al
108097732000Oxidative stress abolishes leptomycin B-sensitive nuclear export of transcription repressor Bach2 that counteracts activation of Maf recognition element.Hoshino H et al
175697062007Architecture and dynamics of the transcription factor network that regulates B-to-plasma cell differentiation.Igarashi K et al
128296062003B-cell-specific transcription factor BACH2 modifies the cytotoxic effects of anticancer drugs.Kamio T et al
106697502000A combinatorial code for gene expression generated by transcription factor Bach2 and MAZR (MAZ-related factor) through the BTB/POZ domain.Kobayashi A et al
187694502008Regulation of IL-2 expression by transcription factor BACH2 in umbilical cord blood CD4+ T cells.Lesniewski ML et al
191594512009Identification of novel Bach2 transcripts and protein isoforms through tagging analysis of retroviral integrations in B-cell lymphomas.Liu J et al
168323512007Differentially androgen-modulated genes in ovarian epithelial cells from BRCA mutation carriers and control patients predict ovarian cancer survival and disease progression.Motamed-Khorasani A et al
97551731998Identification of Bach2 as a B-cell-specific partner for small maf proteins that negatively regulate the immunoglobulin heavy chain gene 3' enhancer.Muto A et al
151522642004The transcriptional programme of antibody class switching involves the repressor Bach2.Muto A et al
170468162006Plasmacytic transcription factor Blimp-1 is repressed by Bach2 in B cells.Ochiai K et al
182560392008Regulation of the plasma cell transcription factor Blimp-1 gene by Bach2 and Bcl6.Ochiai K et al
88876381996Bach proteins belong to a novel family of BTB-basic leucine zipper transcription factors that interact with MafK and regulate transcription through the NF-E2 site.Oyake T et al
162580992005Prognostic significance of BACH2 expression in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma: a study of the Osaka Lymphoma Study Group.Sakane-Ishikawa E et al
109499282000Cloning and expression of human B cell-specific transcription factor BACH2 mapped to chromosome 6q15.Sasaki S et al
166317382006Bach2 is involved in neuronal differentiation of N1E-115 neuroblastoma cells.Shim KS et al
149828502004Integration of Epstein-Barr virus into chromosome 6q15 of Burkitt lymphoma cell line (Raji) induces loss of BACH2 expression.Takakuwa T et al
117469762001Transcription factor BACH2 is transcriptionally regulated by the BCR/ABL oncogene.Vieira SA et al
170188622007Bcr-Abl signaling through the PI-3/S6 kinase pathway inhibits nuclear translocation of the transcription factor Bach2, which represses the antiapoptotic factor heme oxygenase-1.Yoshida C et al

Other Information

Locus ID:

NCBI: 60468
MIM: 605394
HGNC: 14078
Ensembl: ENSG00000112182

Variants:

dbSNP: 60468
ClinVar: 60468
TCGA: ENSG00000112182
COSMIC: BACH2

RNA/Proteins

Gene IDTranscript IDUniprot
ENSG00000112182ENST00000257749Q9BYV9
ENSG00000112182ENST00000343122Q9BYV9
ENSG00000112182ENST00000406998Q7Z6Q0
ENSG00000112182ENST00000453877Q7Z6Q0
ENSG00000112182ENST00000537989Q9BYV9

Expression (GTEx)

0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7

Protein levels (Protein atlas)

Not detected
Low
Medium
High

References

Pubmed IDYearTitleCitations
384595082024The role of Bach2 in regulating CD8 + T cell development and function.0
384595082024The role of Bach2 in regulating CD8 + T cell development and function.0
365733152023Exploring novel functions of BACH2 in the acquisition of antigen-specific antibodies.4
367811702023Bach2 in CD4(+) T cells from SLE patients modulates B-cell differentiation and IgG production.0
365733152023Exploring novel functions of BACH2 in the acquisition of antigen-specific antibodies.4
367811702023Bach2 in CD4(+) T cells from SLE patients modulates B-cell differentiation and IgG production.0
352644602022CRISPR/Cas9-Mediated Insertion of HIV Long Terminal Repeat within BACH2 Promotes Expansion of T Regulatory-like Cells.5
355444672022Correlation of the transcription factors IRF4 and BACH2 with the abnormal NFATC1 expression in T cells from chronic myeloid leukemia patients.2
361784572022BACH2 restricts NK cell maturation and function, limiting immunity to cancer metastasis.5
352644602022CRISPR/Cas9-Mediated Insertion of HIV Long Terminal Repeat within BACH2 Promotes Expansion of T Regulatory-like Cells.5
355444672022Correlation of the transcription factors IRF4 and BACH2 with the abnormal NFATC1 expression in T cells from chronic myeloid leukemia patients.2
361784572022BACH2 restricts NK cell maturation and function, limiting immunity to cancer metastasis.5
332497822021Bach2 overexpression represses Th9 cell differentiation by suppressing IRF4 expression in systemic lupus erythematosus.6
333163522021Transcriptional behavior of the HIV-1 promoter in context of the BACH2 prominent proviral integration gene.3
333931452021BACH2-mediated FOS confers cytarabine resistance via stromal microenvironment alterations in pediatric ALL.3

Citation

Malene Krag Kjeldsen ; Karen Dybkaer ; Jinghua Liu ; Finn Skou Pedersen

BACH2 (BTB and CNC homology 1, basic leucine zipper transcription factor 2)

Atlas Genet Cytogenet Oncol Haematol. 2010-01-01

Online version: http://atlasgeneticsoncology.org/gene/741/js/css/gene-fusions-explorer/