KLK4 (kallikrein-related peptidase 4)

2009-01-01   John Lai , Ying Dong , Judith A Clements 

Hormone Dependent Cancer Program, Institute of Health, Biomedical Innovation (IHBI), Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Australia

Identity

HGNC
LOCATION
19q13.41
LOCUSID
ALIAS
AI2A1,ARM1,EMSP,EMSP1,KLK-L1,PRSS17,PSTS,kallikrein
FUSION GENES

DNA/RNA

Atlas Image
Genomic and protein structure of the KLK4 gene. The KLK4 gene is classically comprised of 5 exons (grey boxes, classic numerals) and 4 introns (roman numerals), although extra 5 UTR sequences in exon 1a have also been described. Shown here are the three putative alternative transcription start sites (TSS1, TSS2 and TSS3). Also shown are the postions of ATG1 and ATG2 that would be utilised from these variant transcripts. The amino acid numbering for the residues of the catalytic triad (His71, Asp116, Ser207) are relative to the full-length protein starting from ATG1.

Description

The gene encompasses 4.38 kb of gDNA.

Transcription

Three alternative transcription start sites (TSSs) have been predicted or identified experimentally for the KLK4 gene. TSS1 was identified using 5 RACE and is located 639 bp upstream of TSS2, which was predicted using in silico analysis. TSS3 was also identified using 5 RACE and is located 1396 bp downstream of TSS1.
Nine KLK4 variant transcripts have been identified. These variants include the TSS variants, variants with 5 UTR deletion for TSS1 and TSS2 transcripts, exon 4 deletion and partial intron II (12bp) insertion variants, intron 3 insertion variants, and variants with combinations thereof.

Pseudogene

Not identified.

Proteins

Description

Two KLK4 protein isoforms, full-length KLK4 (254 amino acids) and an N-terminal truncated KLK4 (205 amino acids) have been described. Full-length KLK4 has a secretion signal (pre-) peptide (26 amino acids), followed by an activation (pro-) peptide (4 amino acids) and the mature chain (224 amino acids) with 1 potential N-linked glycosylation site. The catalytic triad of His71, Asp116, Ser207 (relative to Met = 1 and encoded by ATG1 in exon 1) is conserved and is essential for proteolytic activity. After synthesis as a KLK4 full-length protein, the signal peptide is then cleaved and pro-KLK4 (zymogen) is subsequently secreted from the cell. Upon activation, the propeptide is removed to generate the mature active enzyme. KLK4 complexes with alpha(1)-antitrypsin and alpha(2)-antiplasmin and alpha(2)-macroglobulin.
The N-terminal truncated KLK4 isoform initiated from the ATG2 in exon 2, has the pre-pro-region and 9 amino acids from the mature KLK4 omitted, although the catalytic triad remains. Further, the truncated KLK4 isoform is not glycosylated despite retaining the potential N-linked glycosylation site.

Expression

The KLK4 gene was originally designated the PRSS17 gene and was cloned from the cells of the enamel organ epithelia of developing teeth in pig using degenerate primers encoding the EMPS1 protein. Subsequent studies in human tissues using Northern blot analysis have shown that KLK4 mRNA expression is predominantly localised to the prostate, although more sensitive RT-PCR experiments have shown that the breast, ovary, endometrium, salivary gland, lung, adrenal gland, colon, trachea, brain, testis, spinal cord, thyroid, skin and kidney also express KLK4 mRNA at low to modest levels. KLK4 mRNA has also been detected in sebaceous glands, sweat glands, hair follicles, stratum basale, stratum spinosum and stratum granulosum by in situ hybridisation experiments. In pig, KLK4 mRNA is expressed in the endometrium in the early stages of the oestrous cycle.
KLK4 protein has been detected in a wide range of tissues at low (adrenal, aorta, brain, breast, cervix, heart, kidney, liver, muscle, pancreas, pituitary, salivary gland, small intestine, spinal cord, spleen, testis, skin, thyroid, and uterus) to high (prostate) levels. Modest levels of KLK4 protein have also been detected in body fluid, such as seminal plasma and urine. High KLK4 levels have also been detected in the prostate, breast and ovarian cancer tissues from patients.

Localisation

Full-length KLK4 encodes a secreted protein and is localised intracellularly to the cytoplasm, although GFP labelled N-terminal truncated isoforms have been found to be predominantly localised to the nucleus.

Function

To date, the major biological function of KLK4 has been derived from porcine studies which have shown that KLK4 is important in dental enamel mineralisation by degrading amelogenin, the major protein in the enamel matrix of developing teeth. More recently, KLK4 was also reported to degrade porcine enamelin which is another protein found in developing teeth. Further, in mice, KLK4 was only expressed by transition and maturation stage ameloblasts, which is consistent with KLK4 functioning primarily to degrade the enamel matrix in developing teeth.
The role of KLK4 in the prostate, a tissue that highly expresses KLK4, is less clearly defined although it is thought to be important in prostate cancer progression given its role in degrading extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins in teeth, and potentially increasing IGF levels by degrading IGFBP3, IGFBP4, IGFBP5, IGFBP6. KLK4 is also reported to activate pro- HGFA and thereby potentially leading to tumour progression through activation of the MET receptor. A substrate specificity screening study has shown that full-length KLK4 has trypsin-like specificity and potentially activates proteins, such as, prostate specific antigen (PSA) / KLK3, bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) family and parathyroid hormone-related protein ( PTHrP ) that are involved in normal and neoplastic prostate (patho)-physiology. Recombinant KLK4 was also reported to be a better activator of PSA and single chain urokinase-type plasminogen activator than KLK2. More recently, KLK4 was shown to activate other members of the kallikrein-related peptidase family including KLK1, KLK2, KLK3, KLK5, KLK6, KLK9, KLK11, KLK12, KLK13, KLK14, KLK15. However, the precise physiological role for KLK4 in the prostate and other tissues remains to be identified. The function of the N-terminal truncated KLK4 remains to be established.

Homology

At the protein level, KLK4 shares 25%, (KLK12), 29% (KLK10), 31% (KLK9), 34% (KLK1, 2, 3), 35% (KLK8, 13), 36% (KLK6), 37% (KLK15), 40% (KLK14), 43% (KLK7), 45% (KLK5) sequence homology with other members of the kallikrein-related peptidase family. Unlike KLK1, KLK2 and KLK3, KLK4 lacks the "kallikrein loop", a region of 11 amino acids encoded in exon 3 and thought to be important in the substrate specificity of these enzymes. KLK4 shares 72% sequence homology to the porcine EMPS1 protein. Bayesian phylogenetic analyses suggests that KLK4, KLK5 and KLK14 may form a sub-family within the kallikrein-related peptidase gene family.

Mutations

Germinal

A mutation in the KLK4 gene (G.2142>A) that encodes for a truncated KLK4 protein that lacks S207, which is necessary for catalytic activity, has been shown to associate with autosomal recessive hypomaturation amelogenesis imperfecta, which is a disorder affecting tooth enamel formation. Comparison of tooth enamel in patients with the G- and A-alleles suggest that wild-type KLK4 (G allele) is important for the final removal of the extracellar enamel matrix proteins for normal enamel maturation.

Implicated in

Entity name
Hormone dependent cancers
Note
It has been proposed that like PSA, encoded by the KLK3 gene, the KLK4 gene may play a role in hormone dependent cancers given its (a) higher expression in endocrine cells (b) regulation by hormones such as androgens, oestradiol and progestins (c) dysregulated expression in cancer cells and (d) potential role in extra-cellular matrix degradation and growth factor activation.
Entity name
Prostate cancer
Note
Hormone dependent cancer
Disease
Kallikrein 4 has been reported to be more highly expressed in cancerous than benign prostate tissues at both the mRNA and protein levels. For example, a tissue microarray study carried out on 42 benign and 207 malignant prostate tissues found that KLK4 was more highly expressed in prostate cancer cells when compared to benign cells, although one study using sandwich-type immunoassay on 16 malignant and 18 benign prostate tissues found no difference in KLK4 expression. It has also been shown that KLK4 specific antibodies can be detected in sera from prostate cancer patients. In prostate cancer cells, KLK4 has been shown to be up-regulated by androgens at both the mRNA and protein level. In two expression studies using Northern blot analysis, KLK4 mRNA expression was found to be up-regulated by 18- and 1.7 -fold after treatment of LNCaP cells with R1881 for 24 and 48 hr, respectively. Further, prostate cancer cells (PC-3 and DU145) transfected with KLK4 have also been shown to have increased cellular migration, proliferation and colony formation. Over-expression of KLK4 in prostate cancer cells has also been associated with increased migration of these cells to SaOs2 conditioned media and greater attachment to bone matrix proteins collagens I and IV. The role of KLK4 in prostate biology is thought to be mediated in part through activation of the PAR-1/F2R and PAR-2/F2RL1 signalling pathways, although the precise mechanisms and importance in prostate cancer remain to be identified.
Cytogenetics
Comparison of two human prostate cell lines, P69SV40Tag (P69) and its tumorigenic subline, M12, and 11 prostate cancer cases showed LOH in M12 at 19q13.42, which is proximal to the KLK4 locus.
Hybrid gene
No KLK4 fusion transcript or protein has been reported thus far.
Entity name
Epithelial ovarian carcinoma
Note
Hormone dependent cancer
Disease
Kallikrein 4 is more highly expressed in serous ovarian carcinomas at both the mRNA and protein levels, and high KLK4 mRNA expression is associated with poorly differentiated and late clinical stage ovarian carcinomas. KLK4 mRNA was also found to be expressed in tumour cells isolated from ascites fluid in 60% (6/10) of ovarian cancer patients. KLK4 protein expression was also found to be more highly expressed in paclitaxel-resistant (79/93; 85%) than paclitaxel-sensitive tumours (20/33; 61%), suggesting that KLK4 may have utility as a predictive marker for chemoresistant ovarian cancers. Co-overexpression of KLK4, 5, 6 and 7 in ovarian cancer cells (OV-MZ-6) led to increased invasion in vitro and simultaneous expression of these KLKs in nude mice resulted in increased tumour burden.
Prognosis
KLK4 mRNA expression in tumour tissues indicates shorter overall and progression free survival time for epithelial ovarian carcinoma patients. It is also an independent indicator of poor prognosis in patients with grade 1 and 2 tumours.
Entity name
Breast cancer
Note
Hormone dependent cancer
Disease
Comparison of RNA levels from normal and malignant breast tissue using real time RT-PCR showed that KLK4 expression was up-regulated in cancer cells. Further analysis using laser dissection of these tumours and immuno-histochemistry showed that the observed increase of KLK4 expression was due to increased expression in the surrounding stromal cells.
Entity name
Endometrial cancer
Note
Hormone dependent cancer
Disease
KLK4 protein levels were shown by Western blot analysis to be up-regulated in endometrial KLE cells in response to both oestradiol and progestin. This response was increased when cells were simultaneously treated with oestrogen and progesterone.
Entity name
Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC)
Disease
Using a KLK4 ELISA on 51 patients with NSCLC and 50 normal controls, it was shown that KLK4 may have utility as a lung cancer biomarker when used in conjunction with KLK8, KLK10, KLK11, KLK12, KLK13, and KLK14.

Bibliography

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112586722001The expanded human kallikrein (KLK) gene family: genomic organisation, tissue-specific expression and potential functions.Clements J et al
123708332002Characterization of KLK4 expression and detection of KLK4-specific antibody in prostate cancer patient sera.Day CH et al
186273432008Structures and specificity of the human kallikrein-related peptidases KLK 4, 5, 6, and 7.Debela M et al
163223282005Compartmentalized expression of kallikrein 4 (KLK4/hK4) isoforms in prostate cancer: nuclear, cytoplasmic and secreted forms.Dong Y et al
114898142001Human kallikrein 4 (KLK4) is highly expressed in serous ovarian carcinomas.Dong Y et al
168290212006In silico identification and Bayesian phylogenetic analysis of multiple new mammalian kallikrein gene families.Elliott MB et al
171277542006Porcine endometrial and conceptus tissue kallikrein 1, 4, 11, and 14 gene expression.Fernando SC et al
110545742000Sequencing and expression analysis of the serine protease gene cluster located in chromosome 19q13 region.Gan L et al
172218372007Kallikrein 4 is a potential mediator of cellular interactions between cancer cells and osteoblasts in metastatic prostate cancer.Gao J et al
146846882003Novel ENAM mutation responsible for autosomal recessive amelogenesis imperfecta and localised enamel defects.Hart TC et al
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120772882002Identification of naturally processed CD4 T cell epitopes from the prostate-specific antigen kallikrein 4 using peptide-based in vitro stimulation.Hural JA et al
175456022007Kallikrein 4 is a proliferative factor that is overexpressed in prostate cancer.Klokk TI et al
129252132003Expression and localization of tissue kallikrein mRNAs in human epidermis and appendages.Komatsu N et al
115067072001Distinctly different gene structure of KLK4/KLK-L1/prostase/ARM1 compared with other members of the kallikrein family: intracellular localization, alternative cDNA forms, and Regulation by multiple hormones.Korkmaz KS et al
175878162007Epithelial-mesenchymal transition in prostate cancer and the potential role of kallikrein serine proteases.Lawrence MG et al
184846292008Mutational spectrum of FAM83H: the C-terminal portion is required for tooth enamel calcification.Lee SK et al
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Other Information

Locus ID:

NCBI: 9622
MIM: 603767
HGNC: 6365
Ensembl: ENSG00000167749

Variants:

dbSNP: 9622
ClinVar: 9622
TCGA: ENSG00000167749
COSMIC: KLK4

RNA/Proteins

Gene IDTranscript IDUniprot
ENSG00000167749ENST00000324041A0A0C4DFQ5
ENSG00000167749ENST00000431178Q9Y5K2
ENSG00000167749ENST00000593885M0QYN5
ENSG00000167749ENST00000598305M0QYN5
ENSG00000167749ENST00000602148Q5BQA0

Expression (GTEx)

0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400

Protein levels (Protein atlas)

Not detected
Low
Medium
High

References

Pubmed IDYearTitleCitations
152350272004Mutation in kallikrein 4 causes autosomal recessive hypomaturation amelogenesis imperfecta.106
183087302008Kallikrein-related peptidase 4 (KLK4) initiates intracellular signaling via protease-activated receptors (PARs). KLK4 and PAR-2 are co-expressed during prostate cancer progression.45
187141422009Human and mouse enamel phenotypes resulting from mutation or altered expression of AMEL, ENAM, MMP20 and KLK4.33
161721962005Kallikrein 4 (hK4) and prostate-specific antigen (PSA) are associated with the loss of E-cadherin and an epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT)-like effect in prostate cancer cells.31
204604802010Susceptibility loci associated with prostate cancer progression and mortality.30
204241352010Blood biomarker levels to aid discovery of cancer-related single-nucleotide polymorphisms: kallikreins and prostate cancer.29
193721412009Candidate gene approach evaluates association between innate immunity genes and breast cancer risk in Korean women.24
199660412010MMP20 hemopexin domain mutation in amelogenesis imperfecta.24
237984322013Molecular circuit involving KLK4 integrates androgen and mTOR signaling in prostate cancer.24
175456022007Kallikrein 4 is a proliferative factor that is overexpressed in prostate cancer.23

Citation

John Lai ; Ying Dong ; Judith A Clements

KLK4 (kallikrein-related peptidase 4)

Atlas Genet Cytogenet Oncol Haematol. 2009-01-01

Online version: http://atlasgeneticsoncology.org/gene/41084/klk4