NFE2L2 (nuclear factor, erythroid 2-like 2)
2014-09-01 Stavroula D Manolakou , Panos G Ziros , Gerasimos P Sykiotis AffiliationService of Endocrinology, Diabetology, Metabolism, Lausanne University Hospital, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland (SDM, PGZ, GPS); Faculty of Biology, Medicine, University of Lausanne, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland (GPS)
DNA/RNA
Description
Transcription
MiRNAs
miRNA3128 is a non-coding RNA that is the transcript product of a region in the first intron of NFE2L2 (chr. 2: 177255945-177256010, complement). It is not known whether it has a role in the regulation of NFE2L2 expression. Micro RNAs species reported to suppress NFE2L2 expression include miR-27a, miR-28, miR-34a, miR-93, miR-142-5p, miR-144, and miR-153 (Filipowicz et al., 2008; Cheng et al., 2013; Hayes and Dinkova-Kostova, 2014).
Proteins
Note
Alternatives names: Nuclear factor, erythroid derived 2, like 2, NF-E2 p45-related Factor-2.
Nrf2, the nuclear factor erythroid 2 (NF-E2)-related transcription factor 2, was first described in 1994 by Moi et al. by screening for factors that could bind to a NFE2-binding DNA sequence. The human Nrf2 protein NP_006155.2 (encoded by TV 1) is 67.8 kDa in weight and consists of 605 amino acids; NP_001138884.1 (encoded by TV2) is 66.1 kDa in weight and consists of 589 amino acids; and NP_001138885.1 (encoded by TV3) is 65.4 kDa in size and consists of 582 amino acids.
Nrf2 has been characterized as a modulator protein and is the core of the Nrf2 antioxidant system/pathway. Other main components of the pathway are Keap1, the negative regulator of Nrf2, and small Maf proteins which serve as cofactors for Nrf2 binding to regulatory DNA sequences of ARE-regulated genes (Moi et al., 1994; Li and Kong, 2009).
Description
Expression
Localisation
Function
Oxidative stress and the antioxidant transcriptional response mediated by Nrf2
Cells and tissues are constantly exposed to various oxidative substances and electrophilic chemicals, including reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS), derived from both endogenous and exogenous sources. To adapt to the oxidative environment, cells have developed elaborate and highly efficient antioxidant machineries. When pro-oxidant and electrophilic challenges overwhelm the cells antioxidant and detoxification proteins, cells experience oxidative stress. Oxidative stress conditions can cause damage to cellular structures, including lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. Among other injuries, this can lead to mutations and epigenetic perturbations by damaging DNA and proteins that modify chromatin. Thus, oxidative stress can be a causative or exacerbating factor in a range of diseases, including, for example, respiratory and metabolic disorders, neurodegenerative diseases, and cancer.
In order to maintain homeostasis in the face of oxidative insults, cells possess signalling pathways that can sense oxidative stress and launch adaptive responses. Multiple ways of managing the intracellular oxidative load have been identified over the last two decades; among them, it has been recognized that gene transcription can be regulated by redox reactions. Prominent among the redox-sensitive pathways of gene activation is the Nrf2 system. The core of this pathway comprises the transcription factor Nrf2 and its negative regulator Keap1. In addition, small Maf proteins serve as dimerization partners of Nrf2 to facilitate its binding to DNA on special sequences termed antioxidant response elements (AREs) or electrophile response elements (EpREs) in the regulatory regions of the many Nrf2-regulated genes, including the genes encoding glutamate cysteine ligase catalytic subunit (GCLC), heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), NADP(H) quinone oxidoreductase-1 (NQO1), microsomal glutathione-S-transferases such as MGST1 and MGST2, and multi-drug resistance-associated proteins such as ATP-binding cassette, subfamily C (CFTR/MRP), member 1 (ABCC1) (Magesh et al., 2012; Hayes and Dinkova-Kostova, 2014).
Activity and regulation of Nrf2
The Nrf2 pathway responds to oxidative stress by inducing the transcriptional upregulation of a broad range of cytoprotective genes. The Nrf2 system responds to both endogenous reactive molecules, such as reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS), and to exogenous substances. The sensing mechanisms comprise oxidation or alkylation of critical Keap1 cysteine residues (including Cys151, Cys273 and Cys288), and phosphorylation of Nrf2 on amino acids Ser40 and Tyr568 (Zhang and Hannink, 2003; Yamamoto et al., 2008; Magesh et al., 2012).
When redox homeostasis is restored, Nrf2 activity is repressed via export from the nucleus back into the cytoplasm and degradation via a Cullin-RING ligase 3 - Keap1 complex (CRLkeap1 complex). Nrf2 can also trigger a feedback loop of increased expression of ARE-dependent genes including Keap1 and Cul3, which then promote Nrf2 degradation and thus participate in resetting Nrf2 activity at its basal level (Rachakonda et al., 2008; Eggler et al., 2009; Baird and Dinkova-Kostova, 2011).
Activation of Nrf2 pathway
A. Transcriptional induction of the NFE2L2 gene
A1. Nrf2 autoregulation
It has been shown that the promoter of the mouse orthologue of the NFE2L2 gene includes two antioxidant response element-like sequences (ARE-L1 and ARE-L2), which are located at -492 bp and -754 bp from the transcription start site, respectively. It has been proposed that under stress conditions newly translated Nrf2 protein escapes Keap1-mediated degradation and binds to the ARE-L1 and ARE-L2 sequences to induce NFE2L2 gene transcription in a feed-forward manner (Shin et al., 2007; Hayes and Dinkova-Kostova, 2014).
A2. NFE2L2 transcription induced by the oncoproteins K-Ras and B-Raf
It has been demonstrated that oncogene-directed increased expression of the NFE2L2 gene can be an alternative mechanism of Nrf2 activation. K-Ras and B-Raf, which operate in the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway, have been shown to increase NFE2L2 transcription via activation of Jun or/and Myc. It has been proposed that via this mechanism oncogenic signaling may modulate redox homeostasis during tumirogenesis (DeNicola et al., 2011).
A3. Cross-talk of Nrf2 with the NF-κB and AhR signaling pathways
In general, the effects of the intracellular events induced by Nrf2 activation lead to NF-κB suppression, and vice versa; thus, overall, Nrf2 signaling antagonises NF-κB signaling. Nevertheless, in acute myeloid leukemia it has been reported that Nrf2 is upregulated by NF-κB-mediated transactivation of the NFE2L2 gene by direct binding of NF-κB to the NFE2L2 promoter (Rushworth et al., 2012).
The AhR/ARNT complex (aryl hydrocarbon receptor / AhR nuclear translocator) regulates gene transcription in response to xenobiotics, such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, via binding to xenobiotic response elements (XREs). Three XRE-like elements have been identified in the mouse Nfe2l2 promoter; via these elements, the AhR/XRE pathway can control Nrf2/ARE signaling (Miao et al., 2005).
A4. BRCA1 / ARNT-mediated induction of NFE2L2 gene transcription
The transcription factor BRCA1 (breast cancer 1, early onset) has been reported to increase the transcription of the NFE2L2 gene. As BRCA1 has the ability to interact with ARNT, it is possible that BRCA1 induces Nrf2 expression in an ARNT-dependent manner (Kang et al., 2006).
B. Post-translational activation of Nrf2
B1. The "hinge and latch" and "quaternary" models
At basal conditions (meaning the absence of oxidative stress) the NFE2L2 gene is constantly transcribed and Nrf2 protein is constantly synthesized, but Nrf2 protein abundance and activity are maintained at low levels due to the negative regulation of Nrf2 by Keap1 through the CRLkeap1 complex.
The "hinge and latch" model has been proposed as a mechanistic model that accounts for the interaction between Nrf2 and Keap1 and provides as structural basis for the Keap1-dependent polyubiquitination and degradation of Nrf2. This model posits an interaction of one Nrf2 molecule with a Keap1 homodimer, in which the high affinity binding of the ETGE motif of the Neh2 domain of Nrf2 functions as a "hinge" to fix Nrf2 to one of two Keap1 molecules, whereas the low affinity binding of the DLG motif of the Neh2 domain of Nrf2 functions as a "latch" to lock down the Neh2 domain to the other Keap1 molecule of the homodimer. The fixation of the Neh2 domain between the two Keap1 molecules thus facilitates its ubiquitination and the subsequent degradation of Nrf2 by the 26S proteasome. A competing structural model is the "quaternary complex" model, which proposes that a Keap1 dimer binds two molecules of substrate through high-affinity interactions with ETGE motifs. Specifically, a Keap1 dimer can bind two Nrf2 molecules, or one Nrf2 molecule and one PGAM5 molecule. PGAM5 possesses an N-terminal membrane targeting signal through which the Nrf2-Keap1-PGAM complex is tethered to the cytosolic surface of the outer mitochondrial membrane (Tong et al., 2006; Sykiotis and Bohmann, 2010; Kansanen et al., 2012), potentially to allow Nrf2 to be activated in response to mitochondrial leakage of ROS.
Under conditions of oxidative stress, it is believed that the oxidative modification of certain cysteine residues of Keap1 leads to conformational changes of the Keap1 dimer. In the "hinge and latch" model, this results in dissociation of the DLG motif from Keap1, wuch that Nrf2 cannot be properly presented for ubiquitination by the CRLkeap1 complex and thus escapes proteosomal degradation. The stabilized Nrf2 accumulates in the nucleus where it heterodimerizes with small Maf proteins and binds to AREs, leading to transcription of ARE-dependent cytoprotective genes (reviewed in Sykiotis and Bohmann, 2010; Hayes and Dinkova-Kostova, 2014).
B2. Phosphorylation of Nrf2 by PKC
Several protein kinases, including protein kinase C (PKC), have been implicated in the upstream regulation of Nrf2 pathway. Specifically, phosphorylation of Nrf2 by PKC induces nuclear translocation of this transcription factor and activation of the ARE in response to oxidative stress. Furthermore, it has been found that PKC phosphorylates Nrf2 at Ser-40 facilitating its release from Keap1-mediated inhibition (Wakabayashi et al., 2010; Stepkowski and Kruszewski, 2011).
B3. The redox signaling "model of two Nrf2 pools"
Multiple NLS/NES (Nuclear localisation signal/ nuclear export signal) motifs have been identified in the Nrf2 sequence. These include three NLS motifs (bNLS, NLSN and NLSc) and two NES motifs (NESTA and NESZIP) but only the NESTA motif has been found to be redox-sensitive. Specifically, the NESTA motif has been shown to display a graded response to oxidative stress, implying that it can not only sense the presence of reactive oxidative species, but it also has the ability to transmit the oxidative stress "intensity" to the nucleus in order to up-regulate the transcription of ARE-genes accordingly.
Based on these observations, Nrf2 has been proposed as a direct redox-sensor. Specifically, under basal condition a dynamic balance can be observed as the combined nuclear exporting forces of NESTA and NESZIP counteract the combined nuclear importing force of the bNLS, NLSN and NLSc leading to a whole-cell distribution of Nrf2. However, under oxidative stress the NESTA is functionally disabled, and the driving force of NLSs becomes dominant and favors the nuclear localization of Nrf2.
The NLS/NES motifs and their role in activation of Nrf2 have led to the hypothesis for Keap1-independent Nrf2 signaling. Nevertheless, this model does not exclude Keap1 involvement in redox signaling. Consequently, a new model has been proposed that encompasses both Keap1-dependent and Keap1-independent Nrf2 signaling. This model proposes that in cells there may exist a free-floating pool of Nrf2 (fNrf2) and a Keap1-bound pool of Nrf2 (kNrf2). Under homeostatic conditions there is an equilibrium between synthesis and degradation of Nrf2, such that the fNrf2 pool remains small. But when cells are exposed to oxidative stress, the Nrf2-binding capacity of Keap1 is diminished and the fNrf2 pool is enlarged. As the NESTA of the fNrf2 redox-sensitive pool is disabled by the stress, nuclear localization of Nrf2 is favored (Li and Kong, 2009).
B4. Competitors of Nrf2 for binding to Keap1
It has been demonstrated that the ability of Keap1 to repress Nrf2 can be modulated by proteins that also possess ETGE motifs and thereby compete with Nrf2 for the same binding site in Keap1. For example, dipeptidyl-peptidase 3 (DPP3), IκB kinase β (IKKβ), partner and localizer of BRCA2 (PALB2), phosphoglycerate mutase 5 (PGAM5) and Wilms tumor gene on X chromosome (WTX) contain ETGE motifs that enable them to bind Keap1 and act as competitors of Nrf2 (Hayes and Dinkova-Kostova, 2014).
B5. mTOR signaling and p62-dependent degradation of Keap1
There is also cross-talk between Nrf2-Keap1 signaling and autophagy. It has been shown that in normal cells this interaction serves as a host defence mechanism leading to expression of antioxidant enzymes as well as elimination of cytotoxic products. Keap1 can bind the autophagy cargo receptor p62, which contains an STGE motif similar to the ETGE motif of Nrf2. Following phosphorylation of Ser 351 within its STGE motif by the mammalian target of rapamycin complex (mTORC1), p62 becomes a potent inhibitor of Keap1. p62 is phosphorylated by mTORC1 in the presence of ubiquitinated autophagic cargos, which can occur under oxidative conditions; this in turn favors the binding of Keap1 to the phosphorylated STGE motifs. As a result, Keap1 is sequestrated in autophagy cargos in a p62-dependent manner, allowing Nrf2 to be stabilized and to accumulate in the nucleus to induce cytoprotective enzymes (Komatsu et al., 2010; Ichimura et al., 2013; Lamming and Sabatini, 2013).
B6. Cross-talk between p53/p21 and the Nrf2 pathway
The p53 tumor suppressor protein regulates several intracellular procedures including gene transcription and induction of apoptosis. It has been demonstrated that p53 is implicated in the regulation of the Nrf2-mediated oxidative response in a dual manner: under low or mild levels of oxidative stress, p53 promotes the stabilization of Nrf2 and its subsequent nuclear accumulation through the transcriptional activation of p21, and as a result reduces the oxidative burden to promote cell survival. p21 stabilizes Nrf2 due to the existence of a KRR motif within the p21 sequence which interacts with the DLG motif of Nrf2 inhibiting its binding to Keap1. On the other hand, under conditions of high or sustained levels of oxidative stress, Nrf2-mediated cell survival is suppressed, and high activity levels of p53 induce apoptosis to prevent tumorigenesis (Chen et al., 2009; Chen W et al., 2012).
B7. Competitive binding of BRCA1 to Nrf2
The ability of Keap1 to repress Nrf2 can be diminished by the competitive binding of breast cancer protein BRAC1, thereby preventing Keap1 from simultaneously binding to the ETGE motif of Nrf2 (Gorrini et al., 2013).
B8. Acetylation of Nrf2 by p300/CBP
It has been found that acetylation of the Neh1 domain of Nrf2 can increase the binding affinity of Nrf2-Maf heterodimers for ARE sequences. p300/CBP acetylates lysine residues of the Neh1 domain and enhances the interaction between Nrf2 and ARE sequence of antioxidant genes promoter resulting in induction of the respective genes transcription (Sun et al., 2009).
Other mechanistic models which have been proposed for Nrf2 stabilization and activation include the oxidation-induced dissociation of the CRLkeap1 complex, and the nucleocytoplasmic shuttling of Keap1 (Rachakonda et al., 2008; Eggler et al., 2009; Baird and Dinkova-Kostova, 2011).
Repression of Nrf2 signaling
A. Transcriptional repression of the NFE2L2 gene
A CpG island has been identified in the 5 flanking region of the NFE2L2 gene that extends to position -1175. The first 5 CpGs in this CpG island are found to be hypermethylated in prostate cancer samples and prostate cancer cell lines compared to normal prostate issues and cells. This hypermethylation leads to repression of NFE2L2 gene expression, potentially favouring tumorigenesis (Yu et al., 2010).
B. Post-transcriptional repression of Nrf2
At the post-transcriptional level, various micro RNAs (miRNAs) have been identified to interact with the Nrf2 mRNA resulting in repression of Nrf2 expression, including miR-27a, miR-28, miR-93, miR-142-5p, miR144 and miR-153 (Hayes and Dinkova-Kostova, 2014).
C. Post-translational repression of Nrf2
C1. CRLkeap1 complex-mediated degradation of Nrf2
As mentioned, the CRLkeap1 complex is responsible for the ubiquitination and 26S degradation of Nrf2 under normal conditions. Keap1 acts as an adaptor protein to mediate the interaction between Nrf2 and the Cul3 E3-ligase enyme, resulting in ubiquitination of lysines residues of the region located between the ETGE and DLG motifs in the Neh2 domain. Thereafter, ubiquitinated Nrf2 undergoes degradation by the 26S proteosome. It has been reported that the Nedd8 molecule serves as a factor of stabilization of the CRLkeap1 complex, and that the removal of Nedd8 by the CSN signalosome causes disruption of the complex and inhibition of Nrf2 ubiquitination. CAND1 is a mediator protein that can also block the degradation process of Nrf2 (Villeneuve et al., 2010).
C2. Crm1-dependent nuclear export and β-TrCP-dependent degradation of Nrf2
Nrf2 degradation by Keap1 is mediated by interaction via the Nrf2 Neh2 ETGE and DLG motifs. Nevertheless, in Nrf2 proteins mutant for the ETGE and DLG motifs, it has been observed that the Neh6 domain accounts for some of the residual instability of Nrf2 in a Keap1-independent way. Specifically, it has been shown that the DSGIS and DSAPGS motifs located within the Neh6 domain serve as binding sites through which Nrf2 binds with β-TrCP. β-TrCP has the ability to target Nrf2 for ubiquitination and degradation through a Skp1-Cul1-Rbx1/ Roc1 ubiquitin ligase complex; in vitro experiments with fibroblasts where β-TrCP is knocked down have shown increased Nrf2 protein levels.
This mechanism participates in the post-induction regulation of Nrf2 activity. The serine/threonine kinase GSK-3 controls the activity of the nuclear kinase Fyn which in turn phosphorylates Tyr568 of Nrf2 and promotes its Crm1 (exportin)-mediated export from the nucleus. GSK-3-mediated Fyn phosphorylation also causes an increase of the DSGIS degron activity in the Neh6 domain. The latter results in β-TrCP binding to the Neh6 domain of Nrf2 and consequently in β-TrCP-mediated Nrf2 degradation (Jain and Jaiswal, 2007; Chowdhry et al., 2013).
C3. Repression of Nrf2 by CRIF1, SIAH2 and RNF4
The CR6-interacting factor 1 (CRIF1) can promote the ubiquitination of Nrf2 through its interaction with both the N-terminal Neh2 and C-terminal Neh3 domains of Nrf2. The physiological circumstances when CRIF1 represses Nrf2 activity remain obscure.
During hypoxia, it has been observed that SIAH2 can lead to Nrf2 ubiquitination in a Neh2-independent manner. Further work is required to elucidate the basis of interaction between SIAH2 and Nrf2 and the conditions that regulate it.
It has been reported that small ubiquitin-like modifiers 1 and 2 (SUMO-1, SUMO-2) polysumoylate Nrf2 in promyelocytic leukemia nuclear bodies. The polysumoylated Nrf2 (pNrf2) translocates into the nucleus where SUMO-specific RING finger protein 4 (RNF4) ubiquitinates the pNrf2 leading it to degradation within the nucleus (Hayes and Dinkova-Kostova, 2014).
C4. Negative feedback loops regulating Nrf2
In vitro experiments have shown that antioxidant treatment can induce the expression of Keap1, suggesting a possible role of Nrf2 in the regulation of Keap1 expression. Keap1 has three ARE sequences within its promoter, of which one ARE on the reverse strand (position -46) has been demonstrated to be functional in facilitating KEAP1 gene transcription. Thus, it has been suggested that Nrf2 can control its own degradation by binding to the Keap1 ARE(-46) and thereby inducing KEAP1 transcription. In other words, there exists an autoregulatory loop in which Nrf2 controls Keap1 at the transcriptional level and Keap1 regulates Nrf2 at the post-translational level (Lee et al., 2007).
Similarly, it has been observed that Nrf2 regulates the expression of the Cul3 and Rbx1 genes. The Cul3 and Rbx1 proteins are constituents of the CRLkeap1 complex which is responsible for the ubiquitination of Nrf2. Specifically, it has been found that both the Cul3 gene promoter and the Rbx1 gene promoter contain one functional ARE, and that Nrf2 acts in an autoregulatory way by binding to these AREs to regulate the expression of the Cul3 and Rbx1 genes (Kaspar and Jaiswal, 2010).
In addition, there is evidence that Nrf2 is implicated in the expression of genes encoding 26S proteasome subunits, presumably in order to increase the proteasome-dependent removal of oxidatively damaged proteins. Therefore, it has been proposed that Nrf2 may regulate this negative autoregulatory feedback loop via the proteasome to restore its levels to the basal state after the removal of oxidative stimuli (Chapple et al., 2012).
Furthermore, it is known that Bach1 competes with Nrf2 for binding to the ARE-sequence of Nrf2-regulated genes. It has been demonstrated that Bach1 transcript variant 2 has an intronic ARE sequence (position +1411) and can be a transcriptional target gene of Nrf2 (negative autoregulatory feedback mechanism) (Jyrkkänen et al., 2011).
Finally, it has been recently discovered in cancer cell lines that retinoid X receptor α (RXRα) serves as an inhibitor of Nrf2 that regulates Nrf2 activity through a direct interaction with Neh7 domain, where a RXRα-binding site has been mapped. As the activation of Nrf2 results in upregulation of RXRα, this can form another negative feedback loop for Nrf2 regulation (Wang et al., 2013).
Homology
Although most Cnc factors are transcriptional activators, Bach1 and Bach2 function mainly (through not exclusively) as transcriptional repressors (figure below). Some of the Cnc proteins have important roles in development; for example, CncB is required for the development of head segments in D. melanogaster. Other family members (including Nrf2) are dispensable for development but rather contribute to the maintenance of cellular homeostasis in response to endogenous or exogenous stressors. In particular, the three Nrfs have broad and partly overlapping expression patterns and function as stress-activated transcription factors (Sykiotis and Bohmann, 2010).
Mutations
Somatic
Interestingly, lung cancer, and particularly non-small cell lung cancer, has been investigated for NFE2L2 mutations in various patient populations, and in all studies the presence of NFE2L2 mutations was positively correlated with smoking history. In addition, it has been observed that the frequency of NFE2L2 gene mutations is higher in lung squamous cell carcinoma than in lung adenocarcinoma (Shibata et al., 2008a; Kim et al., 2010; Solis et al., 2010; Shibata et al., 2011; Hu et al., 2012; Gañán-Gómez et al., 2013; Ooi et al., 2013).
NFE2L2 polymorphisms
Specific polymorphisms associated with disease risk*
Respiratory disorders
Heterozygosity (T/G) for rs6721961 (T/C/G) has been associated with increased risk of acute lung injury (ALI) in patients with major trauma in Caucasian/African-American and Japanese populations. Paradoxically, in a Japanese cohort, the haplotype (rs2001350T/rs6726395A/ rs1962142A/rs2364722A/rs6721961T) containing the homozygous SNP rs6721961 TT has been correlated with lower annual decline in forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1), a measure of pulmonary function. In contrast, the rs6726395 G allele showed association with higher annual decline of FEV1 induced by cigarette smoking in Japanese. Furthermore, a haplotype containing rs35652124 C, rs6706649 C, rs6721961 G and GGC4 (a repeat polymorphism) has been proposed as a predictor factor of increased respiratory failure development in German patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). A further study in a Netherlands population showed correlations between rs1806649 C and reduced COPD mortality, and between the rs2364723 CC and reduced FEV1. In a Hungarian population of childhood asthma, rs6721961 T and rs2588882 G have been inversely correlated with the infection-induced asthma.
Cardiovasular disorders
The rs6721961 TT genotype has been associated with higher systolic and diastolic blood pressure in Japanese haemodialysis patients than the CC or CT genotypes. Similarly, haemodialysis patients with the rs35652124 TT genotype had higher diastolic blood pressure and higher cardiovascular mortality than CC or CT carriers. Finally, in a Netherlands population, it has been demonstrated that carriers of the rs2364723 (G/C) minor G allele showed lower triglyceride levels and reduced risk of cardiovascular mortality.
Gastrointestinal disorders
The rs6706649 C and rs35652124 C SNPs have higher frequency in Japanese patients with ulcerative colitis, and their presence has been correlated with a chronic continuous disease phenotype. In Helicobacter pylori-infected patients, the rs6706649C/rs35652124C and rs6706649C/rs35652124T haplotypes have been correlated with increased and decreased risk, respectively, of CpG methylation; rs6706649C/rs35652124T carriers with negative Helicobacter pylori test showed reduced risk of gastric cancer.
Autoimmune disorders
In a Mexican Mestizo population it was found that lupus nephritis in women was significantly associated with presence of the heterozygous rs35652124 (C/T).
Breast cancer
Homozygosity for rs6721961 (TT) or rs2706110 (TT) has been associated with increased risk of breast cancer in a Finish population. Moreover, presence of the rs6721961 T allele together with the intronic rs1962142 A allele was associated with reduced Nrf2 expression in breast cancer tissue. In a study of a Finish population, Nrf2 rs2886182 (T/C) rare homozygous genotype TT has been significantly associated with poorer survival and recurrence-free survival in patients with breast cancer that had received adjuvant chemotherapy, and with poorer survival in patients with breast cancer that had undergone postoperative radiotherapy.
Venous thromboembolism
In postmenopausal women the rs6721961 (T allele) increased the risk of venous thromboembolism after oral estrogen therapy.
Neurodegenerative diseases
In Swedish populations, a protective effect against Parkinsons disease has been detected for a haplotype containing promoter SNPs rs7557529C/ rs35652124T/ rs6706649C/ rs6721961G as well as intronic SNPs rs2886161T/ rs1806649T/ rs2001350T/ rs10183914T) (Yamamoto et al., 2004; Marzec et al., 2007; Arisawa et al., 2008; Siedlinski et al., 2009; Masuko et al., 2011; Hartikainen et al., 2012; Cho, 2013; Figarska et al., 2014; Shimoyama et al., 2014).
* The nucleotides for each SNP correspond to the map on chr. 2, and are thus complementary to the gene sequence (NFE2L2 lies on the reverse strand).
Implicated in
On the other hand, in various cancers Nrf2 protein abundance and activity have been found to be increased, suggesting a role in tumour growth and survival. Gain of function somatic mutations in NFE2L2 gene which lead to disruption of the Nrf2-Keap1 binding interface complex result in upregulation of Nrf2 activity. These mutations have been identified in NSCLC, oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma, malignant melanoma, skin squamous cell carcinoma, head and neck carcinoma and cervical cancer.
In addition, it has been reported that an indirect way of upregulation of Nrf2 activity is the loss of function KEAP1 somatic mutations. These mutations have been detected in various types of cancer [lung cancer (NSCLC), thyroid papillary cancer, oesophageal cancer, gastric adenocarcinoma, hepatocellular and cholangiocellular carcinoma, gallbladder cancer, colorectal adenocarcinoma, caecum carcinoma, breast ductal carcinoma and adenocarcinoma, endometrial adenocarcinoma, ovarian serous cancer and epithelial cancer, prostate adenocarcinoma, kidney and urinary tract cancer, malignant melanoma and neuroblastoma].
Another mechanism of constitutive activation of Nrf2 in cancer cells is the silence of KEAP1 gene caused by hypermethylation of KEAP1 gene promoter. This silencing mechanism of KEAP1 gene has been detected in human lung cancer tissue cells (squamous, adenocarcinoma, adenosquamous), lung cancer cell lines, human breast cancer tissues, colorectal cell lines, prostate cancer cell lines, human malignant gliomas and papillary thyroid cancer. Hypermethylation of CUL3 and RBX1 genes as well as CUL3, RBX1 and KEAP1 copy number losses have been proposed as further Nrf2 activation mechanisms in papillary thyroid carcinoma.
Moreover, Nrf2 expression and activation can be induced by Nrf2 cross-talk with other signalling pathways. Specifically, it has been demonstrated that in acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) Nrf2 overexpression is driven by abnormal expression of Nuclear Factor-κB (NF-κB). In addition, in NSCLC cell lines constitutive activation of mutant epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and RagD-mediated activation of mammalian target of rapamycin (m-TOR) signalling pathway cause overactivation of Nrf2 as well as Nrf2-mediated resistance to EGFR-tyrosine kinase inhibitor and m-TOR inhibitor, respectively. In renal cancer cells, Nrf2 activity has been found to be increased by downregulation of E-cadherin which normally forms a quanternary complex with Nrf2, Keap1 and β-catenin and facilitates Keap1-mediated ubiquitination of Nrf2. Finally, it has been observed that transcriptional coactivator amplified in breast cancer 1 (AIB1) stimulates Nrf2 activation in cholangiocarcinoma cells inducing tumour proliferation and chemoresistance. Thus, AIB1 has been proposed as a Nrf2 coactivator.
In summary, the upregulation of Nrf2 has antioxidant as well as cytoprotective effect in cancer cells. Especially, cytoprotective activity of Nrf2 can be exploited by cancer cells not only to face their oxidant tumour microenvironment, but also confer chemo- or/and radio- resistance during anticancer therapies. Consequently, suppression of Nrf2 activity in cancer cells inhibits tumour growth and enhances the efficacy of chemotherapeutic agents. Therefore, Nrf2 could be a target not only for cancer chemoprevention (via activating compounds) but also for cancer treatment (via inhibitors) (Shibata et al., 2008a; Shibata T. et al, 2008b; Wang et al., 2008; Chen et al., 2010; Solis et al., 2010; Yoo et al., 2010; Kim et al., 2010; Shibata et al., 2010; Wang et al., 2010; Muscarella et al., 2011; Shibata et al., 2011; Chen Q et al., 2012; Guo et al., 2012; Hanada et al., 2012; Hu et al., 2012; Kim et al., 2012; Liao et al., 2012; Sporn and Liby, 2012; Yamadori et al., 2012; Barbano et al., 2013; Gañán-Gómez et al., 2013; Martinez et al., 2013; Shelton and Jaiswal, 2013; Shin et al., 2013; Ziros et al., 2013; Zhang et al., 2013; Funes et al., 2014; Gorrini et al., 2014; Ji et al., 2014; Onodera et al., 2014; Schultz et al., 2014).
ALI and its severe form ARDS are characterised by severe systemic hypoxemia in seriously ill patients. Hypoxemia is associated with production of excessive ROS, and thus oxidative stress is a major contributor to the pathogenesis of ALI. In such hypoxic situations oxygen is one of the most commonly used supplemental therapeutic agents. However, oxygen supplementation-induced hyperoxia can also cause lung injury and airway inflammation. Nrf2 has been proposed as a hyperoxia susceptibility gene that modulates ALI in vivo.
Emphysema is characterised by loss of pulmonary elasticity as a result of permanent alveolar wall destruction and represents the alveolar lesion in COPD. Cigarette smoke is a major contributor to emphysema and COPD pathogenesis. Chronic exposure to cigarette smoke in Nrf2 knockout (KO) mice causes more severe emphysema than in wild type mice. This is associated with greater levels of inflammation, oxidative stress and endothelial and epithelial cell apoptosis in the Nrf2 KO mice.
LPS (lipo-polysaccharide)-induced septic shock in Nrf2 KO mice results in premature mortality in comparison with wild type mice, and non-lethal exposure to LPS results in greater lung inflammation and injury in Nrf2 KO mice.
Regarding asthma disease, it has been observed that the disruption of Nrf2 can cause severe airway inflammation and airway hyper-responsiveness in mouse models of asthma.
IPF is a fibroproliferative disease thought to be triggered by repeated alveolar epithelial cell injury. Rodent models of bleomycin-induced lung fibrosis have been used to study IPF. The pulmonary fibrogenic effects of bleomycin are antagonised by antioxidant enzymes like SODs in rodents. Moreover, it has been noticed that Nrf2 KO mice treated with bleomycin had elevated levels of TGF-β, the main fibrogenic factor.
Finally, it has been reported that Nrf2 has a protective role against airway infection by RSV in mice (Reddy, 2008; Cho and Kleeberger, 2010).
AD is characterised by increased accumulation in the brain of neurotoxic and oxidative elements such as iron. In addition, increased oxidative damage of proteins and lipid peroxidation has been detected in the brain of AD patients. Reactive astrocytes and activated microglia contribute to the oxidative stress observed in AD brain. The expression profile of Nrf2 and ARE-regulated proteins in AD brain tissue supports the hypothesis that Nrf2 signalling may be involved in the early stages of AD.
PD, the second most common neurodegenerative disease after AD, is characterised by the preferential loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra. Mitochondrial dysfunction and neuroinflammation in PD play a crucial role in PD pathogenesis and the subsequent oxidative stress has been suggested to be responsible for the degeneration of nigral dopaminergic neurons. Nrf2 pathway may have a neuroprotective effect on PD and its activation may be a novel therapeutic approach.
HD is a rare neurodegenerative disorder inherited in an autosomal dominant manner. Work in mouse model has shown that Nrf2 can have neuroprotective roles against HD and might be a novel treatment target for HD. Furthermore, it has been reported that Nrf2 can also potentially protect from neuronal damage in other neurological diseases such as ALS, Freidrichs ataxia, Down syndrome, multiple sclerosis, traumatic brain injury and cerebral haemorrhages (Ramsey et al., 2007; Calabrese et al., 2008; de Vries et al., 2008; Jazwa et al., 2011; Tufekci et al., 2011).
Article Bibliography
| Pubmed ID | Last Year | Title | Authors |
|---|---|---|---|
| 17562481 | 2007 | Emerging role of Nrf2 in protecting against hepatic and gastrointestinal disease. | Aleksunes LM et al |
| 18613447 | 2008 | Nrf2 gene promoter polymorphism and gastric carcinogenesis. | Arisawa T et al |
| 21365312 | 2011 | The cytoprotective role of the Keap1-Nrf2 pathway. | Baird L et al |
| 12570874 | 2003 | Curcumin activates the haem oxygenase-1 gene via regulation of Nrf2 and the antioxidant-responsive element. | Balogun E et al |
| 23249627 | 2013 | Aberrant Keap1 methylation in breast cancer and association with clinicopathological features. | Barbano R et al |
| 15657364 | 2005 | Carotenoids activate the antioxidant response element transcription system. | Ben-Dor A et al |
| 18629638 | 2008 | Cellular stress response: a novel target for chemoprevention and nutritional neuroprotection in aging, neurodegenerative disorders and longevity. | Calabrese V et al |
| 12067578 | 2002 | Cafestol and kahweol, two coffee specific diterpenes with anticarcinogenic activity. | Cavin C et al |
| 22575091 | 2012 | Crosstalk between Nrf2 and the proteasome: therapeutic potential of Nrf2 inducers in vascular disease and aging. | Chapple SJ et al |
| 23363332 | 2013 | New player on an old field; the keap1/Nrf2 pathway as a target for treatment of type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome. | Chartoumpekis DV et al |
| 21228930 | 2010 | Nrf2 expression in endometrial serous carcinomas and its precancers. | Chen N et al |
| 22213475 | 2012 | Amplified in breast cancer 1 enhances human cholangiocarcinoma growth and chemoresistance by simultaneous activation of Akt and Nrf2 pathways. | Chen Q et al |
| 22559194 | 2012 | Does Nrf2 contribute to p53-mediated control of cell survival and death? | Chen W et al |
| 19560419 | 2009 | Direct interaction between Nrf2 and p21(Cip1/WAF1) upregulates the Nrf2-mediated antioxidant response. | Chen W et al |
| 23880293 | 2013 | Regulation of the Nrf2 antioxidant pathway by microRNAs: New players in micromanaging redox homeostasis. | Cheng X et al |
| 20524845 | 2011 | Impaired redox signaling and antioxidant gene expression in endothelial cells in diabetes: a role for mitochondria and the nuclear factor-E2-related factor 2-Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 defense pathway. | Cheng X et al |
| 19646463 | 2010 | Nrf2 protects against airway disorders. | Cho HY et al |
| 23936606 | 2013 | Genomic structure and variation of nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2. | Cho HY et al |
| 22964642 | 2013 | Nrf2 is controlled by two distinct β-TrCP recognition motifs in its Neh6 domain, one of which can be modulated by GSK-3 activity. | Chowdhry S et al |
| 21734707 | 2011 | Oncogene-induced Nrf2 transcription promotes ROS detoxification and tumorigenesis. | DeNicola GM et al |
| 15734732 | 2005 | Bach1 competes with Nrf2 leading to negative regulation of the antioxidant response element (ARE)-mediated NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase 1 gene expression and induction in response to antioxidants. | Dhakshinamoorthy S et al |
| 19489739 | 2009 | Cul3-mediated Nrf2 ubiquitination and antioxidant response element (ARE) activation are dependent on the partial molar volume at position 151 of Keap1. | Eggler AL et al |
| 24790085 | 2014 | NFE2L2 polymorphisms, mortality, and metabolism in the general population. | Figarska SM et al |
| 18197166 | 2008 | Mechanisms of post-transcriptional regulation by microRNAs: are the answers in sight? | Filipowicz W et al |
| 21484785 | 2011 | Nrf2 is essential for cholesterol crystal-induced inflammasome activation and exacerbation of atherosclerosis. | Freigang S et al |
| 24491031 | 2014 | Oncogenic transformation of mesenchymal stem cells decreases Nrf2 expression favoring in vivo tumor growth and poorer survival. | Funes JM et al |
| 23820265 | 2013 | Oncogenic functions of the transcription factor Nrf2. | Gañán-Gómez I et al |
| 15542064 | 2004 | Diallyl sulfide induces heme oxygenase-1 through MAPK pathway. | Gong P et al |
| 23857982 | 2013 | BRCA1 interacts with Nrf2 to regulate antioxidant signaling and cell survival. | Gorrini C et al |
| 24567396 | 2014 | Estrogen controls the survival of BRCA1-deficient cells via a PI3K-NRF2-regulated pathway. | Gorrini C et al |
| 23047008 | 2012 | A possible gene silencing mechanism: hypermethylation of the Keap1 promoter abrogates binding of the transcription factor Sp1 in lung cancer cells. | Guo D et al |
| 22325485 | 2012 | Methylation of the KEAP1 gene promoter region in human colorectal cancer. | Hanada N et al |
| 16030151 | 2005 | Avicinylation (thioesterification): a protein modification that can regulate the response to oxidative and nitrosative stress. | Haridas V et al |
| 22964583 | 2012 | Genetic polymorphisms and protein expression of NRF2 and Sulfiredoxin predict survival outcomes in breast cancer. | Hartikainen JM et al |
| 24647116 | 2014 | The Nrf2 regulatory network provides an interface between redox and intermediary metabolism. | Hayes JD et al |
| 22965115 | 2012 | Nrf2-MafG heterodimers contribute globally to antioxidant and metabolic networks. | Hirotsu Y et al |
| 21964605 | 2012 | Mutation of the Nrf2 gene in non-small cell lung cancer. | Hu Y et al |
| 24011591 | 2013 | Phosphorylation of p62 activates the Keap1-Nrf2 pathway during selective autophagy. | Ichimura Y et al |
| 15855052 | 2005 | Redox regulation of the transcriptional repressor Bach1. | Ishikawa M et al |
| 15901726 | 2005 | Nuclear import and export signals in control of Nrf2. | Jain AK et al |
| 17403689 | 2007 | GSK-3beta acts upstream of Fyn kinase in regulation of nuclear export and degradation of NF-E2 related factor 2. | Jain AK et al |
| 21254817 | 2011 | Pharmacological targeting of the transcription factor Nrf2 at the basal ganglia provides disease modifying therapy for experimental parkinsonism. | Jazwa A et al |
| 24695690 | 2014 | Correlation of Nrf2, NQO1, MRP1, cmyc and p53 in colorectal cancer and their relationships to clinicopathologic features and survival. | Ji L et al |
| 20103708 | 2010 | The protective role of Nrf2 in streptozotocin-induced diabetic nephropathy. | Jiang T et al |
| 21812759 | 2011 | Novel insights into the regulation of antioxidant-response-element-mediated gene expression by electrophiles: induction of the transcriptional repressor BACH1 by Nrf2. | Jyrkkänen HK et al |
| 16567799 | 2006 | BRCA1 modulates xenobiotic stress-inducible gene expression by interacting with ARNT in human breast cancer cells. | Kang HJ et al |
| 22198184 | 2012 | Activation of stress signaling pathways by electrophilic oxidized and nitrated lipids. | Kansanen E et al |
| 20452971 | 2010 | An autoregulatory loop between Nrf2 and Cul3-Rbx1 controls their cellular abundance. | Kaspar JW et al |
| 11201301 | 2000 | Chemoprotection by organosulfur inducers of phase 2 enzymes: dithiolethiones and dithiins. | Kensler TW et al |
| 22302998 | 2012 | E-cadherin inhibits nuclear accumulation of Nrf2: implications for chemoresistance of cancer cells. | Kim WD et al |
| 19967722 | 2010 | Oncogenic NRF2 mutations in squamous cell carcinomas of oesophagus and skin. | Kim YR et al |
| 18162601 | 2008 | Resveratrol induces glutathione synthesis by activation of Nrf2 and protects against cigarette smoke-mediated oxidative stress in human lung epithelial cells. | Kode A et al |
| 20716282 | 2010 | Redox signaling in inflammation: interactions of endogenous electrophiles and mitochondria in cardiovascular disease. | Koenitzer JR et al |
| 20173742 | 2010 | The selective autophagy substrate p62 activates the stress responsive transcription factor Nrf2 through inactivation of Keap1. | Komatsu M et al |
| 11940647 | 2002 | Enhanced expression of the transcription factor Nrf2 by cancer chemopreventive agents: role of antioxidant response element-like sequences in the nrf2 promoter. | Kwak MK et al |
| 23973332 | 2013 | A Central role for mTOR in lipid homeostasis. | Lamming DW et al |
| 15914268 | 2005 | Nrf2 as a novel molecular target for chemoprevention. | Lee JS et al |
| 17925401 | 2007 | An auto-regulatory loop between stress sensors INrf2 and Nrf2 controls their cellular abundance. | Lee OH et al |
| 18618599 | 2009 | Molecular mechanisms of Nrf2-mediated antioxidant response. | Li W et al |
| 18585411 | 2008 | Heterodimerization with small Maf proteins enhances nuclear retention of Nrf2 via masking the NESzip motif. | Li W et al |
| 18304597 | 2008 | Cinnamaldehyde inhibits the tumor necrosis factor-alpha-induced expression of cell adhesion molecules in endothelial cells by suppressing NF-kappaB activation: effects upon IkappaB and Nrf2. | Liao BC et al |
| 22378150 | 2012 | NRF2 is overexpressed in ovarian epithelial carcinoma and is regulated by gonadotrophin and sex-steroid hormones. | Liao H et al |
| 15930299 | 2005 | The synthetic triterpenoids, CDDO and CDDO-imidazolide, are potent inducers of heme oxygenase-1 and Nrf2/ARE signaling. | Liby K et al |
| 22549716 | 2012 | Small molecule modulators of Keap1-Nrf2-ARE pathway as potential preventive and therapeutic agents. | Magesh S et al |
| 24138990 | 2013 | Frequent concerted genetic mechanisms disrupt multiple components of the NRF2 inhibitor KEAP1/CUL3/RBX1 E3-ubiquitin ligase complex in thyroid cancer. | Martinez VD et al |
| 17384144 | 2007 | Functional polymorphisms in the transcription factor NRF2 in humans increase the risk of acute lung injury. | Marzec JM et al |
| 21774808 | 2011 | An interaction between Nrf2 polymorphisms and smoking status affects annual decline in FEV1: a longitudinal retrospective cohort study. | Masuko H et al |
| 15790560 | 2005 | Transcriptional regulation of NF-E2 p45-related factor (NRF2) expression by the aryl hydrocarbon receptor-xenobiotic response element signaling pathway: direct cross-talk between phase I and II drug-metabolizing enzymes. | Miao W et al |
| 7937919 | 1994 | Isolation of NF-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), a NF-E2-like basic leucine zipper transcriptional activator that binds to the tandem NF-E2/AP1 repeat of the beta-globin locus control region. | Moi P et al |
| 11706044 | 2002 | A sulforaphane analogue that potently activates the Nrf2-dependent detoxification pathway. | Morimitsu Y et al |
| 21173573 | 2011 | Regulation of KEAP1 expression by promoter methylation in malignant gliomas and association with patient's outcome. | Muscarella LA et al |
| 19410644 | 2009 | Nrf2 is a critical modulator of the innate immune response in a model of uveitis. | Nagai N et al |
| 15304356 | 2004 | Zerumbone, a tropical ginger sesquiterpene, activates phase II drug metabolizing enzymes. | Nakamura Y et al |
| 24851839 | 2014 | Modulation of NRF2 signaling pathway by nuclear receptors: implications for cancer. | Namani A et al |
| 21439933 | 2011 | Oxidative stress and Nrf2 in the pathophysiology of diabetic neuropathy: old perspective with a new angle. | Negi G et al |
| 24302665 | 2014 | NRF2 immunolocalization in human breast cancer patients as a prognostic factor. | Onodera Y et al |
| 23365135 | 2013 | CUL3 and NRF2 mutations confer an NRF2 activation phenotype in a sporadic form of papillary renal cell carcinoma. | Ooi A et al |
| 18251510 | 2008 | Covalent modification at Cys151 dissociates the electrophile sensor Keap1 from the ubiquitin ligase CUL3. | Rachakonda G et al |
| 11248092 | 2001 | Sensitivity to carcinogenesis is increased and chemoprotective efficacy of enzyme inducers is lost in nrf2 transcription factor-deficient mice. | Ramos-Gomez M et al |
| 17204939 | 2007 | Expression of Nrf2 in neurodegenerative diseases. | Ramsey CP et al |
| 18691064 | 2008 | The antioxidant response element and oxidative stress modifiers in airway diseases. | Reddy SP et al |
| 23077289 | 2012 | The high Nrf2 expression in human acute myeloid leukemia is driven by NF-κB and underlies its chemo-resistance. | Rushworth SA et al |
| 18329808 | 2008 | Carnosic acid protects neuronal HT22 Cells through activation of the antioxidant-responsive element in free carboxylic acid- and catechol hydroxyl moieties-dependent manners. | Satoh T et al |
| 24466341 | 2014 | Nrf1 and Nrf2 transcription factors regulate androgen receptor transactivation in prostate cancer cells. | Schultz MA et al |
| 23109674 | 2013 | The transcription factor NF-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2): a protooncogene? | Shelton P et al |
| 16132347 | 2005 | Comparison of (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate elicited liver and small intestine gene expression profiles between C57BL/6J mice and C57BL/6J/Nrf2 (-/-) mice. | Shen G et al |
| 21969819 | 2011 | NRF2 mutation confers malignant potential and resistance to chemoradiation therapy in advanced esophageal squamous cancer. | Shibata T et al |
| 18757741 | 2008 | Cancer related mutations in NRF2 impair its recognition by Keap1-Cul3 E3 ligase and promote malignancy. | Shibata T et al |
| 21062981 | 2010 | Global downstream pathway analysis reveals a dependence of oncogenic NF-E2-related factor 2 mutation on the mTOR growth signaling pathway. | Shibata T et al |
| 24904228 | 2014 | Polymorphism of Nrf2, an antioxidative gene, is associated with blood pressure and cardiovascular mortality in hemodialysis patients. | Shimoyama Y et al |
| 17709388 | 2007 | NRF2 modulates aryl hydrocarbon receptor signaling: influence on adipogenesis. | Shin S et al |
| 23766860 | 2013 | Role of the Nrf2-ARE pathway in liver diseases. | Shin SM et al |
| 19671143 | 2009 | Level and course of FEV1 in relation to polymorphisms in NFE2L2 and KEAP1 in the general population. | Siedlinski M et al |
| 20534738 | 2010 | Nrf2 and Keap1 abnormalities in non-small cell lung carcinoma and association with clinicopathologic features. | Solis LM et al |
| 22810811 | 2012 | NRF2 and cancer: the good, the bad and the importance of context. | Sporn MB et al |
| 21295136 | 2011 | Molecular cross-talk between the NRF2/KEAP1 signaling pathway, autophagy, and apoptosis. | Stępkowski TM et al |
| 19273602 | 2009 | Acetylation of Nrf2 by p300/CBP augments promoter-specific DNA binding of Nrf2 during the antioxidant response. | Sun Z et al |
| 19023427 | 2008 | Disruption of Nrf2, a key inducer of antioxidant defenses, attenuates ApoE-mediated atherosclerosis in mice. | Sussan TE et al |
| 20215646 | 2010 | Stress-activated cap'n'collar transcription factors in aging and human disease. | Sykiotis GP et al |
| 17081101 | 2006 | Two-site substrate recognition model for the Keap1-Nrf2 system: a hinge and latch mechanism. | Tong KI et al |
| 21403858 | 2011 | The Nrf2/ARE Pathway: A Promising Target to Counteract Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Parkinson's Disease. | Tufekci KU et al |
| 20486766 | 2010 | Regulation of the Nrf2-Keap1 antioxidant response by the ubiquitin proteasome system: an insight into cullin-ring ubiquitin ligases. | Villeneuve NF et al |
| 20367496 | 2010 | When NRF2 talks, who's listening? | Wakabayashi N et al |
| 23612120 | 2013 | RXRα inhibits the NRF2-ARE signaling pathway through a direct interaction with the Neh7 domain of NRF2. | Wang H et al |
| 20828733 | 2010 | Correlation of Nrf2, HO-1, and MRP3 in gallbladder cancer and their relationships to clinicopathologic features and survival. | Wang J et al |
| 18555005 | 2008 | Hypermethylation of the Keap1 gene in human lung cancer cell lines and lung cancer tissues. | Wang R et al |
| 21173018 | 2011 | Role of oxidative stress in rheumatoid arthritis: insights from the Nrf2-knockout mice. | Wruck CJ et al |
| 22249257 | 2012 | Molecular mechanisms for the regulation of Nrf2-mediated cell proliferation in non-small-cell lung cancers. | Yamadori T et al |
| 18268004 | 2008 | Physiological significance of reactive cysteine residues of Keap1 in determining Nrf2 activity. | Yamamoto T et al |
| 22348534 | 2012 | Somatic mutations of the KEAP1 gene in common solid cancers. | Yoo NJ et al |
| 20062804 | 2010 | Nrf2 expression is regulated by epigenetic mechanisms in prostate cancer of TRAMP mice. | Yu S et al |
| 23416117 | 2013 | Sulforaphane enhances Nrf2 expression in prostate cancer TRAMP C1 cells through epigenetic regulation. | Zhang C et al |
| 14585973 | 2003 | Distinct cysteine residues in Keap1 are required for Keap1-dependent ubiquitination of Nrf2 and for stabilization of Nrf2 by chemopreventive agents and oxidative stress. | Zhang DD et al |
| 17145701 | 2006 | Mechanistic studies of the Nrf2-Keap1 signaling pathway. | Zhang DD et al |
| 23766517 | 2013 | Nrf2 is commonly activated in papillary thyroid carcinoma, and it controls antioxidant transcriptional responses and viability of cancer cells. | Ziros PG et al |
| 18824091 | 2008 | Nrf2-induced antioxidant protection: a promising target to counteract ROS-mediated damage in neurodegenerative disease? | de Vries HE et al |
Other Information
Locus ID:
NCBI: 4780
MIM: 600492
HGNC: 7782
Ensembl: ENSG00000116044
Variants:
dbSNP: 4780
ClinVar: 4780
TCGA: ENSG00000116044
COSMIC: NFE2L2
RNA/Proteins
Expression (GTEx)
Pathways
Protein levels (Protein atlas)
References
| Pubmed ID | Year | Title | Citations |
|---|---|---|---|
| 37286868 | 2024 | Nrf2/HO-1 Alleviates Disulfiram/Copper-Induced Ferroptosis in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma. | 1 |
| 37338675 | 2024 | Hyperactive behaviour of growth differentiation factor- 15 (GDF-15) in conjunction with iron trafficking transporters and suppression of Nrf-2 gene in diabetes and metabolic syndrome. | 0 |
| 37674036 | 2024 | A Complex Interplay of DJ-1, LRRK2, and Nrf2 in the Regulation of Mitochondrial Function in Cypermethrin-Induced Parkinsonism. | 0 |
| 37697971 | 2024 | Human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes attenuate neuroinflammation and oxidative stress through the NRF2/NF-κB/NLRP3 pathway. | 3 |
| 37715557 | 2024 | The cell-specific roles of Nrf2 in acute and chronic phases of ischemic stroke. | 4 |
| 37852325 | 2024 | NRF2 interacts with distal enhancer and inhibits nitric oxide synthase 2 expression in KRAS-driven pancreatic cancer cells. | 1 |
| 37879937 | 2024 | NRF2 connects Src tyrosine kinase to ferroptosis resistance in glioblastoma. | 2 |
| 37932654 | 2024 | Trimethylamine N-oxide promotes oxidative stress and lipid accumulation in macrophage foam cells via the Nrf2/ABCA1 pathway. | 4 |
| 37962746 | 2024 | Effects of NRF2 polymorphisms on safety and efficacy of bardoxolone methyl: subanalysis of TSUBAKI study. | 0 |
| 37977066 | 2024 | The expression of Nrf2 and TLRs in ear effusion in children with different types of otitis media and their relationship with inflammatory factors. | 0 |
| 37996059 | 2024 | Loss of Nrf1 rather than Nrf2 leads to inflammatory accumulation of lipids and reactive oxygen species in human hepatoma cells, which is alleviated by 2-bromopalmitate. | 1 |
| 38016337 | 2024 | CTRP4 ameliorates inflammation, thereby attenuating the interaction between HUVECs and THP-1 monocytes through SIRT6/Nrf2 signaling. | 0 |
| 38043778 | 2024 | Crosstalk between inflammasomes, inflammation, and Nrf2: Implications for gestational diabetes mellitus pathogenesis and therapeutics. | 0 |
| 38049617 | 2024 | Insufficient autophagy enables the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2) to promote ferroptosis in morphine-treated SH-SY5Y cells. | 0 |
| 38054509 | 2024 | Amino acid deprivation induces TXNIP expression by NRF2 downregulation. | 0 |
Citation
Stavroula D Manolakou ; Panos G Ziros ; Gerasimos P Sykiotis
NFE2L2 (nuclear factor, erythroid 2-like 2)
Atlas Genet Cytogenet Oncol Haematol. 2014-09-01
Online version: http://atlasgeneticsoncology.org/gene/44284/nfe2l2-(nuclear-factor-erythroid-2-like-2)
