TP53 (Tumour protein p53 (Li-Fraumeni syndrome))

2016-04-01   Thierry Soussi 

Molecular Carcinogenesis, Biomarkers Group, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC\\\/CIRC), 150 Cours Albert Thomas, F-69372 Lyon CEDEX 08, France

Identity

HGNC
LOCATION
17p13.1
IMAGE
Atlas Image
LEGEND
Probe(s) - Courtesy Mariano Rocchi, Resources for Molecular Cytogenetics
IMAGE
Atlas Image
LEGEND
TP53 (Tumour protein p53 (Li-Fraumeni syndrome) Hybridization with Vysis TP53/CEP 17 probe (Abbott Molecular, US) showing the p53 gene at 17p13.1 (red signals) - Courtesy Adriana Zamecnikova.
LOCUSID
ALIAS
BCC7,BMFS5,LFS1,P53,TRP53
FUSION GENES

Abstract

Review on TP53, with data on DNA, on the protein encoded, and where the gene is implicated.

DNA/RNA

Atlas Image
Diagram of the TP53 gene. Exons are represented by boxes with numbers and sizes inside. Intron sizes (not drawn to scale) are also indicated. Translated exons for the canonical TP53 protein (393 aa) are shown in light green, in red for isoforms beta and in blue for isoforms gamma.

Description

The TP53 gene spans a region of 32,772 bp. The protypical TP53 gene is composed of 11 exons. Two novel alternatively spliced exons localized in intron 9 have been identified (exons 9β and 9γ).
To solve some confusing situation on TP53 nomenclature, an international consortium has joined forces with the Locus Reference Genomic (LRG) consortium to provide a stable reference sequence and a coordinate system for permanent and unambiguous reporting of disease-causing variants in genes related to any pathology. The TP53 nomenclature can be reached at http://ftp.ebi.ac.uk/pub/databases/lrgex/LRG_321.xml.

Transcription

The transcription of the TP53 is highly complex and can vary between tissue and/or cellular context. Different p53 mRNA variants are expressed through the use of alternative splicing and an internal promoter in intron 4.
Atlas Image
Transcriptional organization of the TP53 gene. The TP53 gene (central part of the figure) is transcribed into eight different mRNAs. Transcripts t1 to t4 and t8 originate from promoter P1 and P1 localized upstream of the gene (upper part). Transcripts t5 to t7 originate from promoter P2 localized in intron 4 (lower part). Translated exons are shown in light red. The two novel exons 9β and 9γ are shown in red and blue, respectively. Non-translated regions are shown in black. For transcripts t3, t4, t6, and t7, which include exon 9β or 9γ, exons 10 and 11 are noncoding (black boxes). Transcript t8 encodes only p8 (Δ40 P53α) and exons 1 to 3 are noncoding (black boxes).

Proteins

Description

At least, 12 TP53 isoforms are expressed but the full-length protein (TP53 p1 or TP53α is always the major species detected in every tissue.
The p1 protein contains from N-term to C-term, two transactivationg domains (TAD1, 1-40 and TAD2, 41-61), a proline rich domain (63-97), a specific DNA binding domain (102-292), 3 nuclear localization signals (305-322), a tetramerization domain that includes a nuclear export signal (325-355) and a negative regulatory domain (360-393).
Shorter C-terminal TP53 isoforms do not contain either the tetramerization domain or the negative regulatory domain.
Shorter N-terminal TP53 isoforms do not contain TAD1 (Δ40 TP53 isoforms), TAD1, TAD2 and the proline rich domain (Δ133) or TAD1, TAD2, the proline rich domain and part of the DNA binding domain (Δ160)
TP53 is modified by numerous post-translational modifications phosphorylation, acetylation, ubiquitination, sumoylation, neddylation, methylation, ADP ribosylation, and glycosylation. Acetylation of multiple residues is essential for TP53 activation and DNA transcriptional activity.
Atlas Image
Diagram of TP53α, the major TP53 protein expressed in normal cells. TAD1: transactivation domain 1; TAD2: transactivation domain 2; Pro: proline- rich domain; DBD: DNA binding domain; NES: nuclear exclusion signal: NLS: nuclear localization signal; Oli: oligomerization domain; C-ter: carboxy-terminus domain. I to V correspond to the five highly conserved domains of the protein.
Atlas Image
Domains in the various TP53 isoforms. TAD1: transactivation domain 1; TAD2: transactivation domain 2; Pro: proline- rich domain; NES: nuclear exclusion signal: NLS: nuclear localization signal; Oli: oligomerization do- main; C-ter: carboxy-terminus domain.
The LRG nomenclature used for TP53 protein (p1 to p13) and RNA (t1 to t8) is also shown on the right.
Atlas Image
Pathway i) the stress signals activate the pathway; ii) the upstream mediators detect and interpret the upstream signals; iii) the core regulation of TP53 is disrupted leading to TP53 accumulation and activation; iv) the downstream events, mainly transcriptional activation or protein-protein interaction v) The final outcome.

Function

The transcription factor TP53 is at the centre of a network that integrates and transmits multiple signals generated during various stress events to ensure cell and tissue homeostasis. This network also includes the two other members of the TP53 family, TP63 and TP73 as well as the two negative regulators, MDM2 and MDM4 (MDMX).
The p53 response can be conveniently divided into two sets of pathways acting upstream and downstream the core regulation of TP53.
The upstream pathways (stress signal detection and integration)
Multiple type of stress such as DNA damage, hypoxia, nucleotides pool depletion, viral infection, oncogene activation or oxidative stress can elicit a TP53 response. For each stress, a different panel of mediators is recruited.
In most cases, the goal of this step is the disruption of the TP53-MDM2 interaction leading to an accumulation and an activation of the TP53 protein. Subsequent post translational modifications (phosphorylation and acetylation principally) modulate TP53 activity depending of the type and the intensity of the damage and the cellular context.
For DNA damage, the ATM and CHEK2 kinase will phosphorylate TP53, MDM2 and MDM4 to release the negative regulation of the regulatory proteins.
For ribosomal stress, free ribosomal proteins will bind and sequester MDM2, relieving its inhibitory
For oncogene activation (hyperproliferative stress), the P16-ARF protein will sequester MDM2 in the nucleolus and relieve its inhibitory activity.
The core regulation of TP53
In normal tissues, TP53 protein levels are maintained at a very low level predominantly by the action of specific E3 ligases such as MDM2 and the ubiquitin proteosome pathway. Other E3 ligases such as Pirrh2, RFWD2 or TRIM24 target TP53 and able to regulate its stability.
TP53 translation is also highly regulated and enhanced after various types of stress. TP53 mRNA includes two Internal Ribosome Entry Sites (IRESs) elements. The first IRES is located in the 5UTR of the full-length isoform, the second is located into the protein-coding region and mediates the translation of a ΔN-p53 isoform.
The downstream pathways (effectors activation and TP53 response)
Several thousand genes have been shown to be activated by TP53 upon various types of stress. Different sets of genes are associated with a specific response. Initially, apoptosis, growth arrest and senescence have been considered to be the main response to TP53 activation. More recent studies have emphasized the importance of TP53 in other cellular responses such as DNA repair, metabolism and regulation of the Warburg effect, autophagy and regulation of stemm cell maintenance.
Although growth arrest, apoptosis and senescence were originally associated with the tumour suppressor activity of TP53, their importance has recently been challenged. Several mouse models defective for these three T53 activities lack any predisposition to develop neoplasia.
TP53 also has cytoplasmic transcription-independent functions (apoptosis and autophagy) via a direct interaction with pro- and anti-apoptotic factors in mitochondria.
ResponseGene
ApoptosisAPAF1 ; BAX - FAS - - MIR34A - PMAIP1 ; TP53AIP1 - PERP -PIDD1 - TP53I3 - BBC3 - SIVA1 ; TNFS10
Growth arrestYWHAZ ; BTG2 ; CDKN1A - GADD45A ; MIR34A ; MIR34B / MIR34C ; Prl13; PTPRVP ; RPRM
SenescenceCDKN1A ; SERPINE1 ; PML l
DNA repairDbd2; ERCC5 ; FANCC ; GADD45A ; XRCC5 ; MGMT ; MLH1 ; MSH2 ; RRM2B ; PAPD7 ; XPC
Metabolism / Anti oxydantADORA2B ; ALDH4A1 ; PRKAB1 ; GAMT ; GLS2 ; SLC2A1 (-);SLC2A4  (-);GPX1 ; IGFBP3 ; LPIN1 ; PARK2 ; VCAN (-); PRKAB1 ; ten; SCO1 ; SESN1 ; SESN2 ; TIGAR ; TP53INP1 ; TSC2
AutophagyATG10 ; ATG2B ; ATG4A ; ATG4C ; ATG7 ; CTSD ; DDIT4 ; DRAM1 ; RBFOX3 ; LAPTM4A ; STK11 ; PIK3R3 ; PRKAG2 ; BBC3 ; ACD ; TSC2 ; ULK1 ; ULK2 ; UVRAG ; VAMP4 ; VMP1
Tumour micro environmentADGRB1 ; CX3CL1 ; ICAM1 ; IRF9 ; ISG15 ; SERPINB5 ; CCL2 ; NCF2 ; SERPINE1 ; TLR1 - TLR10 ; PRSS55 ; ULBP1 ; ULBP2
Invasion metastasisCDKN1A ; MIR34A ; MIR200C
Stem cell biologyCDKN1A ; ; MIR34A ; MIR34B / ; NOTCH1
TP53 regulationCARD16 ; MDM2 , PIRH-2; TP63 , TP73
Unknown*APOBEC3H; HRAS ; TNFAIP8 ; ZMAT3

This list is not exhaustive. Several TP53 responses overlap and include identical genes. Adapted from Bieging et al. with modifications.
* Genes induced by TP53 without any clear relation to a specific pathway

Expression

Widely expressed.

Localisation

Nucleus

Mutations

Atlas Image
Accumulation of mutant TP53 if tumoural cells
Atlas Image
The 20 most significantly mutated genes in the Pan-Cancer study are shown on this graph. The PAN-CANCER study included glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), lymphoblastic acute myeloid leukaemia (LAML; Atlas Author and Editors note: ???), head and neck squamous carcinoma (HNSC), lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD), lung squamous carcinoma (LUSC), breast carcinoma (BRCA), kidney renal clear-cell carcinoma (KIRC), ovarian carcinoma (OV), bladder carcinoma (BLCA), colon adenocarcinoma (COAD), uterine cervical and endometrial carcinoma (UCEC) and rectal adenocarcinoma (COADREAD). Pan-cancer: integrated data with all cancer types.

Germinal

Germline TP53 mutations are associated with Li-Fraumeni (LFS) and Li-Fraumeni-like syndromes (LFL), characterized by a familial clustering of tumours, with a predominance of soft tissue and bone sarcomas, breast cancers, brain tumours, and adrenocortical carcinomas, diagnosed before the age of 45 years. TP53 germline mutations have also been observed in families at high risk of breast cancer, albeit at very low frequency.
A founder mutation TP53 (NG_017013.2:g.21852G>A, p.R337H) is detected in 0.3% of the general population in southern Brazil. This mutation is associated with an increased risk of childhood adrenal cortical carcinoma (ACC) but is also common in Brazilian LFS/LFL families.
The frequency of TP53 de novo germline mutation ranges between 7 and 20%.

Somatic

Mutation of the TP53 gene can be found in 50% of human cancer. More than 80% of TP53 mutations are missense mutations that lead to the synthesis of a stable oncogenic protein that accumulates in the nucleus of tumour cells. The frequency of TP53 alterations range from less than 5% in cervical carcinoma to 90% in ovarian carcinoma or Small Cell Lung Cancer (SCLC) but these numbers must be taken with caution due to several factors such as the subtype of the cancer (lung or breast cancer), the stage of the tumour (prostate carcinoma or chronic lymphocytic leukaemia) and exogenous features such as viral or bacterial infection.
Two international consortiums have reported the sequencing of more than 10.000 tumour genomes and confirmed that the TP53 gene is the most frequently mutated gene in human cancer. TP53 mutations are strongly associated with tumours with high chromosomal instability.
Cancer specific driver genes can be noticed: APC in colorectal carcinoma (violet); VHL in kidney cancer (green) or PTEN and PIK3CA in endometrial carcinoma (green and red)
Molecular epidemiology studies demonstrate a link between exposure to various types of carcinogens, specific mutational events in the TP53 gene and the development of specific cancers.
Lung cancer
TP53 mutations in lung cancer are mostly GC to TA transversions, with a rate of transition mutations lower than in other cancers. There is a strong correlation between the frequency of these GC to TA transversions and lifetime cigarette smoking. This high frequency of GC to TA transversions has not been detected for other cancers such as colon, breast, ovary or brain cancer, which are not directly associated with smoking. This observation is compatible with the role of exogenous carcinogens such as benzo(a)pyrene in lung cancer. After metabolic activation, one of the derivative products of benzo(a)pyrene, the prime carcinogen in cigarette smoke, binds predominantly to guanine and gives rise to specific G-C to T-A transversions. Exposure of cells to benzo(a)pyrene lead to the formation of adducts at codon 157, 248 and 273 in the p53 gene. These positions are the major mutational hotspots in human lung cancer but not in other cancers. The p53 gene is one of the targets of carcinogens found in tobacco.
Liver cancer
There is a strong association between infection with hepatitis B virus and hepatocellular carcinoma. Aflatoxin B1 has been considered to be a significant etiological factor for liver cancer in Western Africa and Asia. Aflatoxins are compounds produced by fungal strains (such as Aspergillus flavus for aflatoxins B1) that are known food contaminants in these countries. Aflatoxins are highly carcinogenic in experimental animals, producing liver tumours in newborn mice, rats, fish, ducks and monkeys.
Worldwide epidemiological studies showed that a specific mutation at codon 249 (c.747G>T, p.R249S) is specifically found in liver cancer from countries in which food was contaminated by aflatoxin B1. In countries which do not consume contaminated food (including Europe and the USA), TP53 mutations are scattered along the central part of p53, as for the other types of cancer. In vitro and in vivo analysis showed a specific binding of aflatoxin B1 to codon 249 of the TP53 gene.
Bladder cancer
Aristolochic acid (AA), a common ingredient in many Chinese herbs, is a powerful nephrotoxin and human carcinogen associated with chronic kidney disease and upper urinary tract urothelial carcinomas including bladder cancer. AA exposure is also associated with Balkan endemic nephropathy (BEN) similarly characterized by kidney failure and a high frequency of transitional cancer of urothelial tracts including bladder, renal pelvis and ureters.
TP53 mutation from patients exposed to AA display a high frequency A:T-to-T:A transversions, a mutational signature associated with AA which forms a covalent adduct with adenine that leads to this transversion.
Skin cancer
Ultraviolet (UV) light induces specific DNA damage such as cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPDs) and pyrimidine(6-4)pyrimidine photoproducts (64PPs) at dipyrimidine sites, where two pyrimidine (Py) bases are juxtaposed in tandem in the nucleotide sequence of DNA. If left unrepaired, this lesion leads to specific types of mutation: base substitutions of cytosine (C) → thymine (T) at dipyrimidine sites and CC → TT tandem base substitutions. These two types of mutation are called UV signature and their detection suggests past exposure to UV. In skin cancer such as squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and basal cell carcinoma (BCC), the frequency of TP53 is high (70 to 80%) with more than 15% of tandem mutations (less than 1% for other cancer types).
Colorectal or brain cancer
The cytosine-guanine (CpG) dinucleotide is a hotspot for pathological mutations in the human genome. This hypermutability is due to its role as the major site of cytosine methylation with the attendant risk of spontaneous deamination of 5-methylcytosine (5mC) to yield C → T and G → A transitions. Most TP53 hotspots for mutations in colorectal or brain cancer are located at CpG sites with a mutation spectrum compatible with 5-methylcytosine deamination. These hotspot codons, CGN at positions 175, 248 or 273, encode arginine residues important for TP53 structure and/or activity. It is interesting to note that arginine can also be encoded by AGG and AGA that have the same frequency of usage in human but are not targeted by methylation. It has not yet been determined whether or not there is a specific selection to keep CGN in the TP53.
Atlas Image
Summary of carcinogens and mutational events that target the TP53 gene. Only two representative regions of the TP53 gene are depicted.

Implicated in

Entity name
Skin cancers (non melanoma)
Disease
Non melanoma skin cancers are the most common form of cancer, globally accounting for at least 40% of human cancer. About 80% are basal-cell cancers (BCC) and 20% squamous-cell cancers (SCC). Most skin cancer cases are caused by exposure to ultraviolet radiation from the sun.
Prognosis
Patients with primary cutaneous SCC or BCC have a very good prognosis.
Oncogenesis
The hedgehog signalling pathway (HH pathway) is the primary target in BCC with mutations in PTCH1, SMO or SFU. TP53 mutations are found in 60% of BCC. In SCC, the frequency of TP53 mutation varies between 40 to 80% depending on the aggressivity of the tumour or the seuqnecing methodology. Deep sequencing allows the detection of multiple subclones with different TP53 mutations.
The pattern of TP53 mutations in skin cancer is highly related to UV exposure.
Entity name
Skin cancers (Melanoma)
Disease
Case per year (thousands) 132; death per year (thousands) 31. Melanoma is a skin tumours characterized by the malignant growth of melanocytes. The incidence is continuing to increase worldwide and UV exposure is a known risk factor for melanoma. Epidemiologic data suggest that gender and genetics may influence the distribution of melanoma on the body surface and histopathologic characteristics of the lesion.
Oncogenesis
The MAPK pathway is the primary target in melanoma with mutations in BRAF1 (50%) or NRAS (20%). TP53 gene mutations are rare in melanoma (5%) but the apoptotic function of the protein is often impaired. Melanoma often loses , a cell-death effector that acts with cytochrome c and CASP9 to mediate p53-dependent apoptosis. It may contribute to the low frequency of TP53 mutations observed in this highly chemoresistant tumour type. Alteration of CDKN2A in 30% of melanoma could also contribute to TP53 deficiency.
Entity name
Lung cancers
Disease
Case per year (thousands) 1,825; death per year (thousands) 1,590 (Worldwide ranks, cases / deaths: 1/1). There are 2 main types of lung cancer: about 10% to 15% are small cell lung cancer (SCLC) and 85% to 90% arenon-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). There are several subtypes of NSCLC, Adenocarcinoma (50%), Squamous cell carcinoma (30%); Large cell carcinoma (15%) and other (includes carcinoid and neurodendocrine tumours) (5%).
Oncogenesis
In SCLC, recent studies using Novel Generation Sequencing showed that TP53 mutations can be found in 95% of the cases. In NSCLC, the frequency of TP53 mutations varies among the subtypes. The frequency of TP53 mutations is the highest in squamous cell carcinomas (70 to 80%) and lower in adenocarcinomas (50%). Lung cancer from smokers shows a distinct, unique TP53 mutation spectrum with G to T transversions at codons 157, 158, 179, 248, and 273, which is uncommonly observed in lung cancer from non-smokers or in cancer unrelated to tobacco smoking such as colorectal or brain tumours.
Atlas Image
Frequency of TP53 mutation in various subtypes of lung carcinoma
Entity name
Breast cancer
Disease
Case per year (thousands) 1,677; death per year (thousands) 522 (Worldwide ranks, cases / deaths: 2/5). Breast carcinoma is a heterogeneous disease with multiple subtypes defined either histologically or more recently via gene expression.
Oncogenesis
In Triple Negative Breast Cancer (TNBC, 10-15% of breast cancer with low or lack of expression of estrogen (ER) and progesterone (PR) receptors, lack of human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2 ) over-expression and a worse prognostic), the frequency of TP53 is high (80%).
Molecular profiling studies have identified four major subtypes of breast cancer: luminal A, luminal B, basal like, and HER2. The frequency of TP53 alteration in these subtypes ranges from 12% in luminal A, 30% in luminal B, 70% in HER2 to more than 80% in basal like. There is a partial overlap between TNBC and Basal like.
Atlas Image
Frequency of TP53 mutation in various subtypes of breast carcinoma
Entity name
Colorectal cancers
Disease
Case per year (thousands) 1,360; death per year (thousands) 693 (Worldwide ranks, cases / deaths: 3/4). CRC is a heterogeneous disease classically divided into three sub-types
(i) Chromosomal instability (CIN) characterized by microsatellite stable tumours (MSS), loss of heterozygosity and major chromosomal changes in tumour-suppressor genes and oncogenes (60% of CRC)
(ii) The CpG island methylator phenotype (CIMP) which causes transcriptional silencing by methylation of CpG-rich regions in the promoter of tumour-suppressor genes (10 to 15% of CRC).
(iii) Microsatellite instability (MSI) is characterized by the accumulation of frame shift mutations in microsatellite sequences due to a deficiency in mismatch repair (MMR) genes (10 to 15% of CRC)
Cytogenetics
MSI tumour are generally characterized by diploid or near-diploid cells
Oncogenesis
The most frequently mutated genes in CRC are KRAS, APC and TP53.
Atlas Image
TP53 mutations are not frequent (20%) in MSI low diploid or in CIMP tumours but can reach 50 to 60% in MSS aneuploid tumours.
Entity name
Prostate cancer
Disease
cases per year (thousands): 1,112; deaths per year (thousands): 307 (Worldwide ranks, cases / deaths: 4/8). Prostate carcinoma is characterized by a high genetic and clinical heterogeneity with multiple subclones.
Oncogenesis
TP53 mutations are infrequent in primary disease and are mostly found in patients with metastatic disease
Atlas Image
The frequency of TP53 mutation in localized prostate cancer is low but deep sequencing can pick up rare TP53 mutations that will be selected during the progression of the disease. The frequency of TP53 mutation can reach 40 to 50% during metastasis development.
Entity name
Gastric cancer
Disease
cases per year (thousands): 952 ; deaths per year (thousands): 723 (Worldwide ranks, cases / deaths: 5/3). Risk factors for gastric cancer include: Helicobacter pylori gastric infection, advanced age, male gender, diet including dry salted foods, atrophic gastritis, pernicious anemia, cigarette smoking, Menetriers disease , and familial polyposis. Adenocarcinoma histology accounts for 90% to 95% of all gastric malignancies. The prognosis of patients with gastric cancer is related to tumour extent and includes both nodal involvement and direct tumour extension beyond the gastric wall. Tumour grade may also provide some prognostic information.
Oncogenesis
TP53 is the most frequently mutated gene in gastric carcinoma with a frequency ranging between 40 and 60%.
Entity name
Liver cancer
Disease
cases per year (thousands): 782 ; deaths per year (thousands): 746 (Worldwide ranks, cases / deaths: 6/2). Most patients with HCC (70 to 90%) have an established background of chronic liver disease and cirrhosis, with major risk factors for developing cirrhosis including chronic infection with hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), Alcoholism, and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Additional risk factors include intake of aflatoxin-B1 contaminated food (China and West Africa), diabetes, obesity, certain hereditary conditions such as hemochromatosis, and some metabolic disorders.
Cytogenetics
Losses of 1p, 4q, 5p, 5q, 8q, 13q, 16p, 16q, and 17p in 20 to 50% of cases.
Oncogenesis
Somatic mutations in the TERT (coding for telomerase reverse transcriptase) promoter is the most frequent genetic alteration in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). These mutations created a potential binding site for ETS transcription factors and are predicted to increase promoter activity and TERT transcription. Mutated genes in HCC are TP53, beta-catenin (CTNNB1 ) and ARIDA1. TP53 mutations are more frequent in patients associated with HBV infection compared to those associated with alcoholism. The frequency and the pattern of TP53 mutations in HCC show a high geographical variation depending on HBV infection prevalence or aflatoxin consumption. In areas of high aflatoxin exposure, 50% of HCC cases bear a specific AGG to AGT point mutation in codon 249 of the p53 tumour suppressor gene. A second mutation at codon 157 is also frequent albeit at lower frequency. Exposure of cells to aflatoxin B1 leads to the formation of adducts at codon 249 in the p53 gene.
Entity name
Cervical cancer
Disease
Cases per year (thousands): 527 ; deaths per year (thousands): 265 (Worldwide ranks, cases / deaths: 7/10). Almost all cervical cancers are caused by HPV (human papilloma virus). There are more than 100 types of HPV, of which at least 13 are cancer-causing (also known as high-risk type) including HPV16 and 18.
Oncogenesis
The UBE3A (E6) oncoprotein produced by the high-risk type of HPV stimulates ubiquitinylation and proteasome-dependent degradation of the tumour suppressor p53 via the formation of a trimeric complex comprising E6, p53, and E6-AP. TP53 mutation is therefore very infrequent in cervical cancer.
Entity name
Oesophagus cancers
Disease
Case per year (thousands) 455; death per year (thousands) 400 (worldwide ranks 8/6) There are two main types of esophageal carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma. Most adenocarcinomas arise in Barrett esophagus that develops in response to chronic gastroesophageal reflux.
Oncogenesis
The frequency of TP53 mutation is high in both types, ADC and SCC, and can reach 70%. TP53 mutations are an early event in ADC as it can be found in Barrett esophagus.
Entity name
Bladder cancer
Disease
Case per year (thousands) 429; death per year (thousands) 165 (worldwide ranks 9/12).
Prognosis
Highly variable, according to the stage and the grade.
Cytogenetics
-9, -11 or del(11p), del(17p) and LOH at 17p, del(13q), frequent other LOH, aneuploidy, polyploidy, complex karyotypes.
Oncogenesis
TP53 mutation are found in 40 to 50% of bladder carcinoma. Three variants are particularly frequent in bladder cancer: c.853G>A; p.E285K, c.839G>C; p.R280T and c.839G>A; p.R280K.
Entity name
Pancreatic cancer
Disease
Case per year (thousands) 338; death per year (thousands) 330 (worldwide ranks 12/7); Pancreatic cancers are divided into two major subtypes: adenocarcinoma (95% of cases), and rare endocrine tumours often designated as neuroendocrine tumours.
Prognosis
Pancreatic cancer is one of the most deadly of all types of cancer.
Oncogenesis
KRAS mutation is the most frequent genetic variation in pancreatic adenocarcinoma (95%) followed by TP53 mutation (60-70%) and CDKN2A deletion (50%).
Entity name
Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma
Disease
Head and neck cancer encompasses malignant tumours arising within the upper aerodigestive tract. The major etiologic agents are tobacco and alcohol consumption and for some cases human papilloma virus (HPV) infection. More than 90% of head and neck cancers are squamous cell carcinomas, which originate from the mucosal surfaces of the lip and oral cavity, nasopharynx, oropharynx, hypopharynx, and larynx.
Oncogenesis
TP53 mutation can be found in about 60 to 70% of HPV positive HNSCC cancers. The frequency is lower in HPV negative tumours (less than 10%)
Entity name
Ovary carcinoma
Disease
Case per year (thousands) 238; death per year (thousands) 152 (worldwide ranks 18/13). Based on histopathology, immunohistochemistry, and molecular genetic analysis, at least five main types of ovarian carcinomas are identified: high-grade serous carcinomas (HGSCs; 70%), endometrioid carcinomas (EC; 10%), clear-cell carcinomas (CCC; 10%), mucinous carcinomas (MC; 3%), and LGSC (<5%). These tumours account for 98% of ovarian carcinomas.
Oncogenesis
In HGSC, the frequency of TP53 mutation reaches 95% and is the most frequent genetic alteration in this subtype.
Atlas Image
Frequency of TP53 mutation in ovarian carcinoma
Entity name
sarcoma
Disease
Osteosarcoma is a primary bone malignancy with a particularly high incidence rate in children and adolescents relative to other age groups.
Oncogenesis
Mutation of RB1, located at chromosome 13q14.2 and TP53 are frequent in osteosarcoma. Deletion or rearrangement of the TP53 gene can reach 20% and are not found in other cancer types.
Atlas Image
OncoPrint of genetic alterations for TP53 and MDM2 in sarcoma. The OncoPrint view provides an overview of genomic alterations in particular genes (horizontal rows) affecting particular individual samples in a large cohort (vertical columns). For each patient, alteration in a specific set of genes is immediately identified in a single column. Blue color: gene deletion; red color: gene amplification; green and black bars: mutations; gray color: no alteration. Up to 10% of TP53 gene deletion can be detected. MDM2 amplification is found predominantly in tumours that express wild-type TP53. Data from http://www.cbioportal.org/index.do
Entity name
Brain Tumours
Disease
Case per year (thousands) 256; death per year (thousands) 189 (worldwide ranks 17/11) Glioblastoma (GBM), also known as glioblastoma and grade IV astrocytoma, is the most common and most aggressive form and represent 15% of brain tumours. There are two subtypes of GBM: de novo (new or primary) and secondary. De novo tumours are the most common (90%) and are very aggressive. Secondary GBM (10%) typically start as low-grade or mid-grade astrocytoma and eventually transform into malignant, rapidly growing GBM.
Oncogenesis
TP53 mutation is an early and frequent (over 60%) event in secondary glioblastomas while it is rare in primary glioblastomas (less than 10%). Primary glioblastomas display a high frequency of mdm2 amplification which is mutually exclusive to TP53 mutations. Isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 ( IDH1) mutations are frequent in secondary glioblastomas (60-70%) and seems to co-occur with TP53 mutations.
Entity name
Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL)
Disease
Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) represents the most common leukaemia in the Western world; it accounts for ~40% of all adult leukaemias.
Prognosis
TP53 mutations are associated with a poor response to therapy.
Cytogenetics
CLL patients have acquired chromosomal abnormalities such as: deletion 13q; deletion 11q; trisomy 12 and deletion 17p
Oncogenesis
TP53 mutations are infrequent in the early phase of the disease and are mostly found in patients in progressive disease or with relapse/refractory disease. CLL is one of the few cancers where TP53 status is used to for therapeutical decision.
Atlas Image
TP53 The frequency of TP53 mutation is low during the asymptomatic phase. Deep sequencing can pick up rare oligoclonal TP53 mutations that are selected during the progression of the disease. The frequency of TP53 mutation can reach 40 to 50% during progressive disease and are associated with therapy resistance and relapse leading to patients with a high frequency of TP53 mutation and poor prognosis.
Entity name
Non-Hodgkin lymphoma
Disease
Follicular lymphoma (FL) and diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) are the two most common non-Hodgkin lymphomas (NHLs).
Prognosis
TP53 mutation is an independent marker of poor prognosis in patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) treated with cyclophosphamide, hydroxydaunorubicin, vincristine, and prednisone (CHOP) therapy
Oncogenesis
Both FL and DLCBL are characterized by a high frequency of mutations in genes associated with chromatin modification such as KMT2D /MLL2 or . Frequency of TP53 mutation in DLBCL range between 20 and 80%. This large range is due to the heterogeneity of the various cohorts as TP53 mutations are more frequent in patients with refractory DLBCL.
Entity name
Disease
Burkitt lymphoma (BL) is an uncommon form of aggressive lymphoma. Three subtypes of Burkitt lymphoma are recognized: the endemic form, occurring primarily in Africa and associated with the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV); the sporadic form, representing less than 3 % of all non-Hodgkin lymphomas (NHL); and the immunodeficiency-associated form, occurring primarily in HIV-infected patients.
Oncogenesis
BL is characterized by chromosomal translocations leading to the overexpression of myc. The most common rearrangement is t(8;14)(q24;q32), which accounts for most cases and involve MYC and . Other frequently mutated genes are ID3, ARID1A, SMARCA4 and TP53 which is inactivated in 40 to 50% of BL.
Entity name
Myelodysplastic syndromes
Disease
Myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) describe a heterogeneous group of bone marrow disorders that predominate in the elderly. These patients present with a dysplastic bone marrow morphology and variable cytopenias, and they have an increased risk of transformation to acute myeloid leukaemia (AML)
Oncogenesis
The frequency of TP53 mutation in MDS is low but associated with a poor prognosis.
Disease
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a biologically heterogeneous disease that can be classified into 3 distinct groups: secondary AML (s-AML) represents transformation of an antecedent diagnosis of myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) or myelo-proliferative neoplasm (MPN), therapy-related AML (t-AML) develops as a late complication in patients with prior exposure to therapies, and de novo AML arises in the absence of an identified exposure or prodromal stem cell disorder.
Oncogenesis
The most frequently mutated gene in AML are FLT3, NPM1 and DNMT3A. The frequency of TP53 mutation does not exceed 10% in de novo AML. In t-AML or s-AML, the frequency of TP53 mutation can reach 30% and is associated with a poor prognosis.
Entity name
Li-Fraumeni syndrome (LFS)
Disease
Autosomal dominant condition, cancer-prone disease, Li-Fraumeni syndrome (LFS) is defined by the existence of a proband with early onset sarcoma and a first degree relative with cancer before 45 years, plus another first/second degree relative with cancer at before 45 years or sarcoma at any age.
Other extended criteria have been proposed to provide better guidelines for TP53 genetic testing:
Birch definition : (1) a proband with any childhood cancer or sarcoma, brain tumour, or adrenocortical carcinoma diagnosed before age 45 years and (2) a first- or second-degree relative with a typical Li-Fraumeni cancer (sarcoma, breast cancer, brain tumour, adrenocortical carcinoma, or leukaemia) at any age and (3) a first- or second-degree relative with any cancer before age 60 years.
Eels definition: Two first- or second-degree relatives with Li-Fraumeni-related malignancies (sarcoma, breast cancer, brain tumour, leukaemia, adrenocortical tumour, melanoma, prostate cancer, pancreatic cancer) at any age.
Chompret definition: A proband who has (1) a tumour belonging to the Li-Fraumeni tumour spectrum (soft-tissue sarcoma, osteosarcoma, premenopausal breast cancer, brain tumour, adrenocortical carcinoma, leukemia, or bronchoalveolar lung cancer) before age 46 years and (2) at least one first- or second-degree relative with a Li-Fraumeni tumour (except breast cancer if the proband has breast cancer) before age 56 years or with multiple tumours or a proband with multiple tumours (except multiple breast tumours), 2 of which belong to the Li-Fraumeni tumour spectrum and the first of which occurred before age 46 years or A proband who is diagnosed with adrenocortical carcinoma or choroid plexus tumours, irrespective of family history.
Prognosis
Most common cancer in Li-Fraumeni children (before the age of 10 years) are: soft tissue sarcoma, brain tumours and adrenocortical carcinomas; osteosarcoma predominates in adolescents; afterwards, female breast cancer, soft tissue sarcomas and brain tumours prevail, and other less frequent cancers such as leukemias or colon carcinomas are also observed. Multiple primary cancers are quite characteristic of Li- Fraumeni syndrome but may also be representative of Blooms syndrome. Cancers in this disease, as in other cancer-prone diseases, often occur early in life: 50% of patients aged 30 years have had a cancer (i.e. penetrance is 50%, according to this disease definition), and penetrance is 90% at age 60 years.
Oncogenesis
Approximately 70% of families with LFS have a mutation in the TP53 gene. Most of these variants are missense mutations similar to those found in colorectal carcinoma with a high frequency of mutations at CpG dinucleotides.

Bibliography

Pubmed IDLast YearTitleAuthors
233182582013Deciphering signatures of mutational processes operative in human cancer.Alexandrov LB et al
218522092011p53: guardian of ploidy.Aylon Y et al
260492732015Surveillance recommendations for patients with germline TP53 mutations.Ballinger ML et al
239546392013Metabolic regulation by p53 family members.Berkers CR et al
257999892015Cancer: A piece of the p53 puzzle.Bieging KT et al
167080752006p53: more research and more questions.Braithwaite AW et al
237337692013Impact of neonatal screening and surveillance for the TP53 R337H mutation on early detection of childhood adrenocortical tumors.Custódio G et al
158385232005The p53 pathway: positive and negative feedback loops.Harris SL et al
241322902013Mutational landscape and significance across 12 major cancer types.Kandoth C et al
261226152015p53 in survival, death and metabolic health: a lifeguard with a licence to kill.Kruiswijk F et al
168147242006p53 aerobics: the major tumor suppressor fuels your workout.Kruse JP et al
197767442009The first 30 years of p53: growing ever more complex.Levine AJ et al
109355072000Dial 9-1-1 for p53: mechanisms of p53 activation by cellular stress.Ljungman M et al
200442432010Autophagy regulation by p53.Maiuri MC et al
121543532002p73: Friend or foe in tumorigenesis.Melino G et al
162264512005Transcription-independent pro-apoptotic functions of p53.Moll UM et al
246510122014Mutant p53 in cancer: new functions and therapeutic opportunities.Muller PA et al
145834572003Li-Fraumeni and related syndromes: correlation between tumor type, family structure, and TP53 genotype.Olivier M et al
173113022007Impact of mutant p53 functional properties on TP53 mutation patterns and tumor phenotype: lessons from recent developments in the IARC TP53 database.Petitjean A et al
244062122015p53 orchestrates between normal differentiation and cancer.Rivlin N et al
244781832014Locus-specific databases in cancer: what future in a post-genomic era? The TP53 LSDB paradigm.Soussi T et al
119025782001Assessing TP53 status in human tumours to evaluate clinical outcome.Soussi T et al
260243902015TP53: an oncogene in disguise.Soussi T et al
92187251997Li-Fraumeni syndrome--a molecular and clinical review.Varley JM et al
110990282000Surfing the p53 network.Vogelstein B et al
111143242000p53: death star.Vousden KH et al
117815862001The evolution of diverse biological responses to DNA damage: insights from yeast and p53.Wahl GM et al
112528952000P63 and P73: P53 mimics, menaces and more.Yang A et al

Other Information

Locus ID:

NCBI: 7157
MIM: 191170
HGNC: 11998
Ensembl: ENSG00000141510

Variants:

dbSNP: 7157
ClinVar: 7157
TCGA: ENSG00000141510
COSMIC: TP53

RNA/Proteins

Gene IDTranscript IDUniprot
ENSG00000141510ENST00000269305P04637
ENSG00000141510ENST00000269305K7PPA8
ENSG00000141510ENST00000359597J3KP33
ENSG00000141510ENST00000413465E7EQX7
ENSG00000141510ENST00000420246P04637
ENSG00000141510ENST00000445888P04637
ENSG00000141510ENST00000445888K7PPA8
ENSG00000141510ENST00000455263P04637
ENSG00000141510ENST00000503591E9PCY9
ENSG00000141510ENST00000504290P04637
ENSG00000141510ENST00000504937P04637
ENSG00000141510ENST00000508793E7EMR6
ENSG00000141510ENST00000509690E7ESS1
ENSG00000141510ENST00000510385P04637
ENSG00000141510ENST00000514944E9PFT5
ENSG00000141510ENST00000576024I3L0W9
ENSG00000141510ENST00000604348S4R334
ENSG00000141510ENST00000610292P04637
ENSG00000141510ENST00000610292H2EHT1
ENSG00000141510ENST00000610538P04637
ENSG00000141510ENST00000610623A0A087WT22
ENSG00000141510ENST00000615910A0A087WZU8
ENSG00000141510ENST00000617185P04637
ENSG00000141510ENST00000618944A0A087WXZ1
ENSG00000141510ENST00000619186A0A087X1Q1
ENSG00000141510ENST00000619485P04637
ENSG00000141510ENST00000619485H2EHT1
ENSG00000141510ENST00000620739P04637
ENSG00000141510ENST00000620739H2EHT1
ENSG00000141510ENST00000622645P04637
ENSG00000141510ENST00000635293A0A0U1RQC9

Expression (GTEx)

0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80

Pathways

PathwaySourceExternal ID
MAPK signaling pathwayKEGGko04010
Cell cycleKEGGko04110
p53 signaling pathwayKEGGko04115
ApoptosisKEGGko04210
Wnt signaling pathwayKEGGko04310
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)KEGGko05014
Huntington's diseaseKEGGko05016
Colorectal cancerKEGGko05210
Pancreatic cancerKEGGko05212
Endometrial cancerKEGGko05213
GliomaKEGGko05214
Prostate cancerKEGGko05215
Thyroid cancerKEGGko05216
Basal cell carcinomaKEGGko05217
MelanomaKEGGko05218
Bladder cancerKEGGko05219
Chronic myeloid leukemiaKEGGko05220
Small cell lung cancerKEGGko05222
Non-small cell lung cancerKEGGko05223
MAPK signaling pathwayKEGGhsa04010
Cell cycleKEGGhsa04110
p53 signaling pathwayKEGGhsa04115
ApoptosisKEGGhsa04210
Wnt signaling pathwayKEGGhsa04310
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)KEGGhsa05014
Huntington's diseaseKEGGhsa05016
Pathways in cancerKEGGhsa05200
Colorectal cancerKEGGhsa05210
Pancreatic cancerKEGGhsa05212
Endometrial cancerKEGGhsa05213
GliomaKEGGhsa05214
Prostate cancerKEGGhsa05215
Thyroid cancerKEGGhsa05216
Basal cell carcinomaKEGGhsa05217
MelanomaKEGGhsa05218
Bladder cancerKEGGhsa05219
Chronic myeloid leukemiaKEGGhsa05220
Small cell lung cancerKEGGhsa05222
Non-small cell lung cancerKEGGhsa05223
Neurotrophin signaling pathwayKEGGko04722
Neurotrophin signaling pathwayKEGGhsa04722
Hepatitis CKEGGko05160
Hepatitis CKEGGhsa05160
MeaslesKEGGko05162
MeaslesKEGGhsa05162
HTLV-I infectionKEGGko05166
HTLV-I infectionKEGGhsa05166
Herpes simplex infectionKEGGko05168
Herpes simplex infectionKEGGhsa05168
Transcriptional misregulation in cancerKEGGko05202
Transcriptional misregulation in cancerKEGGhsa05202
Epstein-Barr virus infectionKEGGhsa05169
Epstein-Barr virus infectionKEGGko05169
Viral carcinogenesisKEGGhsa05203
Viral carcinogenesisKEGGko05203
PI3K-Akt signaling pathwayKEGGhsa04151
PI3K-Akt signaling pathwayKEGGko04151
Hepatitis BKEGGhsa05161
Proteoglycans in cancerKEGGhsa05205
Proteoglycans in cancerKEGGko05205
MicroRNAs in cancerKEGGhsa05206
MicroRNAs in cancerKEGGko05206
Thyroid hormone signaling pathwayKEGGhsa04919
Central carbon metabolism in cancerKEGGhsa05230
Central carbon metabolism in cancerKEGGko05230
Sphingolipid signaling pathwayKEGGhsa04071
Sphingolipid signaling pathwayKEGGko04071
Metabolism of proteinsREACTOMER-HSA-392499
Protein foldingREACTOMER-HSA-391251
Chaperonin-mediated protein foldingREACTOMER-HSA-390466
Association of TriC/CCT with target proteins during biosynthesisREACTOMER-HSA-390471
Post-translational protein modificationREACTOMER-HSA-597592
SUMOylationREACTOMER-HSA-2990846
SUMO E3 ligases SUMOylate target proteinsREACTOMER-HSA-3108232
Immune SystemREACTOMER-HSA-168256
Adaptive Immune SystemREACTOMER-HSA-1280218
Signaling by the B Cell Receptor (BCR)REACTOMER-HSA-983705
Downstream signaling events of B Cell Receptor (BCR)REACTOMER-HSA-1168372
PIP3 activates AKT signalingREACTOMER-HSA-1257604
Innate Immune SystemREACTOMER-HSA-168249
DAP12 interactionsREACTOMER-HSA-2172127
DAP12 signalingREACTOMER-HSA-2424491
Fc epsilon receptor (FCERI) signalingREACTOMER-HSA-2454202
Role of LAT2/NTAL/LAB on calcium mobilizationREACTOMER-HSA-2730905
Cytokine Signaling in Immune systemREACTOMER-HSA-1280215
Signaling by InterleukinsREACTOMER-HSA-449147
HemostasisREACTOMER-HSA-109582
Factors involved in megakaryocyte development and platelet productionREACTOMER-HSA-983231
Signal TransductionREACTOMER-HSA-162582
Signaling by EGFRREACTOMER-HSA-177929
GAB1 signalosomeREACTOMER-HSA-180292
Signalling by NGFREACTOMER-HSA-166520
NGF signalling via TRKA from the plasma membraneREACTOMER-HSA-187037
PI3K/AKT activationREACTOMER-HSA-198203
Signaling by PDGFREACTOMER-HSA-186797
Downstream signal transductionREACTOMER-HSA-186763
Signaling by SCF-KITREACTOMER-HSA-1433557
Signaling by NOTCHREACTOMER-HSA-157118
Pre-NOTCH Expression and ProcessingREACTOMER-HSA-1912422
Pre-NOTCH Transcription and TranslationREACTOMER-HSA-1912408
Gene ExpressionREACTOMER-HSA-74160
Generic Transcription PathwayREACTOMER-HSA-212436
Transcriptional Regulation by TP53REACTOMER-HSA-3700989
TP53 Regulates Metabolic GenesREACTOMER-HSA-5628897
Cell CycleREACTOMER-HSA-1640170
Cell Cycle CheckpointsREACTOMER-HSA-69620
G1/S DNA Damage CheckpointsREACTOMER-HSA-69615
p53-Dependent G1/S DNA damage checkpointREACTOMER-HSA-69580
p53-Dependent G1 DNA Damage ResponseREACTOMER-HSA-69563
Stabilization of p53REACTOMER-HSA-69541
Autodegradation of the E3 ubiquitin ligase COP1REACTOMER-HSA-349425
Transcriptional activation of p53 responsive genesREACTOMER-HSA-69560
Transcriptional activation of cell cycle inhibitor p21REACTOMER-HSA-69895
G2/M CheckpointsREACTOMER-HSA-69481
G2/M DNA damage checkpointREACTOMER-HSA-69473
Cell Cycle, MitoticREACTOMER-HSA-69278
Mitotic G2-G2/M phasesREACTOMER-HSA-453274
G2/M TransitionREACTOMER-HSA-69275
Programmed Cell DeathREACTOMER-HSA-5357801
ApoptosisREACTOMER-HSA-109581
Intrinsic Pathway for ApoptosisREACTOMER-HSA-109606
Activation of BH3-only proteinsREACTOMER-HSA-114452
Activation of NOXA and translocation to mitochondriaREACTOMER-HSA-111448
Activation of PUMA and translocation to mitochondriaREACTOMER-HSA-139915
DNA RepairREACTOMER-HSA-73894
Cellular responses to stressREACTOMER-HSA-2262752
Cellular SenescenceREACTOMER-HSA-2559583
Oncogene Induced SenescenceREACTOMER-HSA-2559585
Oxidative Stress Induced SenescenceREACTOMER-HSA-2559580
DNA Damage/Telomere Stress Induced SenescenceREACTOMER-HSA-2559586
Formation of Senescence-Associated Heterochromatin Foci (SAHF)REACTOMER-HSA-2559584
DNA Double-Strand Break RepairREACTOMER-HSA-5693532
DNA Double Strand Break ResponseREACTOMER-HSA-5693606
Recruitment and ATM-mediated phosphorylation of repair and signaling proteins at DNA double strand breaksREACTOMER-HSA-5693565
Longevity regulating pathwayKEGGhsa04211
SUMOylation of transcription factorsREACTOMER-HSA-3232118
The role of GTSE1 in G2/M progression after G2 checkpointREACTOMER-HSA-8852276
TP53 Regulates Transcription of Cell Death GenesREACTOMER-HSA-5633008
TP53 Regulates Transcription of Death Receptors and LigandsREACTOMER-HSA-6803211
TP53 Regulates Transcription of Genes Involved in Cytochrome C ReleaseREACTOMER-HSA-6803204
TP53 Regulates Transcription of Caspase Activators and CaspasesREACTOMER-HSA-6803207
TP53 regulates transcription of several additional cell death genes whose specific roles in p53-dependent apoptosis remain uncertainREACTOMER-HSA-6803205
TP53 Regulates Transcription of Cell Cycle GenesREACTOMER-HSA-6791312
TP53 Regulates Transcription of Genes Involved in G1 Cell Cycle ArrestREACTOMER-HSA-6804116
TP53 Regulates Transcription of Genes Involved in G2 Cell Cycle ArrestREACTOMER-HSA-6804114
TP53 regulates transcription of additional cell cycle genes whose exact role in the p53 pathway remain uncertainREACTOMER-HSA-6804115
TP53 Regulates Transcription of DNA Repair GenesREACTOMER-HSA-6796648
Regulation of TP53 ActivityREACTOMER-HSA-5633007
Regulation of TP53 Expression and DegradationREACTOMER-HSA-6806003
Regulation of TP53 ExpressionREACTOMER-HSA-6804754
Regulation of TP53 DegradationREACTOMER-HSA-6804757
Regulation of TP53 Activity through PhosphorylationREACTOMER-HSA-6804756
Regulation of TP53 Activity through Association with Co-factorsREACTOMER-HSA-6804759
Regulation of TP53 Activity through MethylationREACTOMER-HSA-6804760
Regulation of TP53 Activity through AcetylationREACTOMER-HSA-6804758
Platinum drug resistanceKEGGko01524
Endocrine resistanceKEGGko01522
Platinum drug resistanceKEGGhsa01524
Endocrine resistanceKEGGhsa01522
DeubiquitinationREACTOMER-HSA-5688426
Ub-specific processing proteasesREACTOMER-HSA-5689880
Ovarian tumor domain proteasesREACTOMER-HSA-5689896
Breast cancerKEGGko05224
Breast cancerKEGGhsa05224
PI5P Regulates TP53 AcetylationREACTOMER-HSA-6811555
Interleukin-4 and 13 signalingREACTOMER-HSA-6785807
Fluid shear stress and atherosclerosisKEGGko05418
Fluid shear stress and atherosclerosisKEGGhsa05418
Mitophagy - animalKEGGko04137
Mitophagy - animalKEGGhsa04137
FerroptosisKEGGko04216
FerroptosisKEGGhsa04216

Protein levels (Protein atlas)

Not detected
Low
Medium
High

PharmGKB

Entity IDNameTypeEvidenceAssociationPKPDPMIDs
PA128406956fluorouracilChemicalClinicalAnnotationassociatedPD
PA165108952Li-Fraumeni syndromeDiseaseDataAnnotation, Literature, MultilinkAnnotationassociated23788249
PA166153473venetoclaxChemicalLabelAnnotationassociated
PA30718MDM2GeneMultilinkAnnotationassociated14704432
PA443560Breast NeoplasmsDiseaseClinicalAnnotationassociatedPD
PA445062NeoplasmsDiseaseClinicalAnnotationassociatedPD18357466, 19052714, 19786980, 20638924, 22188361, 26696550
PA445113NeutropeniaDiseaseClinicalAnnotationassociatedPD
PA449165cyclophosphamideChemicalClinicalAnnotationassociatedPD
PA449476epirubicinChemicalClinicalAnnotationassociatedPD
PA452621antineoplastic agentsChemicalClinicalAnnotationassociatedPD18357466, 19052714, 19786980, 20638924, 22188361, 26696550

References

Pubmed IDYearTitleCitations
194105402009Blinded by the Light: The Growing Complexity of p53.1232
206739902010A large intergenic noncoding RNA induced by p53 mediates global gene repression in the p53 response.833
175405992007Transactivation of miR-34a by p53 broadly influences gene expression and promotes apoptosis.810
260617512015Comprehensive, Integrative Genomic Analysis of Diffuse Lower-Grade Gliomas.681
201773972010Genomic instability--an evolving hallmark of cancer.633
167285942006p53 regulates mitochondrial respiration.572
232633792013p53 mutations in cancer.551
175405982007Transcriptional activation of miR-34a contributes to p53-mediated apoptosis.514
126674432003p53 has a direct apoptogenic role at the mitochondria.484
126674432003p53 has a direct apoptogenic role at the mitochondria.484

Citation

Thierry Soussi

TP53 (Tumour protein p53 (Li-Fraumeni syndrome))

Atlas Genet Cytogenet Oncol Haematol. 2016-04-01

Online version: http://atlasgeneticsoncology.org/gene/88/tp53

Historical Card

2007-04-01 TP53 (Tumour protein p53 (Li-Fraumeni syndrome)) by  Magali Olivier 

2002-10-01 TP53 (Tumour protein p53 (Li-Fraumeni syndrome)) by  Thierry Soussi 

Molecular Carcinogenesis, Biomarkers Group, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC\\\/CIRC), 150 Cours Albert Thomas, F-69372 Lyon CEDEX 08, France

2001-12-01 TP53 (Tumour protein p53 (Li-Fraumeni syndrome)) by  Thierry Soussi 

Molecular Carcinogenesis, Biomarkers Group, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC\\\/CIRC), 150 Cours Albert Thomas, F-69372 Lyon CEDEX 08, France

1998-10-01 TP53 (Tumour protein p53 (Li-Fraumeni syndrome)) by  Richard Hamelin,Jean-Loup Huret 

Laboratoire de Genotoxicologie des tumeurs, Institut Curie, Universite Pierre et Marie Curie, 26 rue dUlm, 75005 Paris, France.

1998-07-01 TP53 (Tumour protein p53 (Li-Fraumeni syndrome)) by  Richard Hamelin,Jean-Loup Huret 

Laboratoire de Genotoxicologie des tumeurs, Institut Curie, Universite Pierre et Marie Curie, 26 rue dUlm, 75005 Paris, France.